Chapter 7 & 8 Flashcards
irregular bones
Located in the vertebrae and skull, cannot be classified by their shape. They have elaborate shapes that perform specific purposes
Flat bones
Located in the cranium, ribs, shoulder blades, and hipbones, have limited movement and serve to enclose and protect soft organs
short bones
Located in the wrist and ankle, provide limited movement. Instead, they glide across each other, allowing the wrist and ankle to bend in multiple directions.
long bones
Located throughout the arm, hand, thigh, leg, and feet, allow for a lot of your body’s movement. They are the long bones with knobby ends described above. The knobby ends fit together to allow these extremities to move.
Diaphysis - Long bone
(shaft) — The diaphysis is composed of Compact bone with little open space.
Epiphysis - Long bone
(end of the bone) — The epiphysis contains spongy bone, which consists of small spaces for blood and vessels; covered with a layer of compact bone.
Epiphyseal plate - Long bone
(growth plate) — The epiphyseal plate consists of hyaline cartilage which becomes hardened when the bone stops growing; located between the diaphysis and epiphysis.
Synovial joints
are the most common type of joint in the body. They allow movement and are more structurally complex These joints consist of articular cartilage, a joint capsule, and a synovial membrane. In this type of joint, two bones are separated by a space filled with synovial fluid, which is secreted by the synovial membrane.
Articular cartilage
The thin layer of hyaline cartilage that aids in bone length growth.
Joint capsule
The envelope at the end of bones covering the joint and trapping the synovial fluid.
Cartilaginous joints
are composed of hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage and occur in such places as between the ribs and sternum and between the intervertebral discs of the spinal cord.
Fibrous joints
are composed of dense connective tissue. These types of joints are immovable and occur in bones that are closely connected, such as the skull bones.
Condyloid joints - Synovial
are bones with a convex shape that meets another bone with the same shape. These joints move in two directions. The joint at the base of the fingers is an example of a condyloid joint.
A ball-and-socket joint - Synovial joint
is a bone with a globular end meeting a cup-shaped cavity in another bone. These joints can rotate in all planes and have the widest range of motion. The hip and shoulder joints are examples of this type of joint.
The saddle joint - synovial
is a bone with concave and convex surfaces that meets a bone with a similar shape and the two fit together complementarily. The saddle joint between the carpal and thumb metacarpal permits the thumb to have a wider range of motion than the other fingers.
A pivot joint - Synovial
occurs when a projection from one bone fits into a ring or curved surface on another bone. This type of joint has one axis of movement, it can only rotate. A pivot joint allows the head to turn from side to side.
A hinge joint - Synovial
occurs when a bone with a concave surface meets the convex surface of another. This type of joint is similar to the hinge on a door. The movement is restricted to one plane like the movement of the elbow joint.
plane (gliding) joint - synovial
A joint where two bones with flat or slightly curved ends meet; The bones slide over each other and have limited mobility. Most of the bones in the wrist and ankle are connected by plane joints.
periosteum
Connective tissue covering the outside of the bone except where the articular cartilage is.
Hematoma
A pool of blood surrounding damaged blood vessels that clots and remains contained.
Ossification
The formation of bone tissue.
Bone remodeling
Woven bone formed in callus ossification is replaced by compact bone.
Callus formation
AN internal an external callus form around the broken or fractured ends of the bone; new blood vessels grow int othe callus and begin clearing the cell debris and building new cartilage
Callus ossification
Gradually, the new formed cartilage is replaced by inter-woven bone layer, which stabilizes the bone
Chondroblasts
produce cartilage and become chondrocytes.
Chondrocytes
are located in lacunae surrounded by matrix.
Osteoblasts
produce bone matrix and become osteocytes.
Osteocytes
are located in lacunae and are connected to one another through canaliculi.
Osteoclasts
break down bone (with assistance from osteoblasts).
Woven bone
has collagen fibers oriented in many directions. It is remodeled to form lamellar bone.
Lamellar bone
is arranged in thin layers, called lamellae, which have collagen fibers oriented parallel to one another.
The periosteum
covers the outer surface of bone.
The endosteum
lines cavities inside bone and contains osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and osteochondral progenitor cells.
appositional growth
Bones increase in size only by ag, , the addition of new bone to the surface of older bone or cartilage.
The axial skeleton
consists of the skull, auditory ossicles, hyoid bone, vertebral column, and thoracic cage.
The hyoid bone
, which is not attached to other bones, is the attachment site for the throat and tongue muscles.
The appendicular skeleton
consists of the upper and lower limbs and the girdles that attach the limbs to the body.
Frontal Bone - Skull
The orbits contain the eyes.
Parietal Bones - Skull
The temporal lines are attachment points of the temporalis muscle.
Temporal Bones - Skull
The external auditory canal transmits sound waves toward the eardrum.
Important neck muscles attach to the mastoid process.
The zygomatic arch, from the temporal and zygomatic bones, forms a bridge across the side of the skull.
The mandible articulates with the temporal bone.
Blood reaches the brain through the internal carotid arteries, which pass through the carotid canals, and through the vertebral arteries, which pass through the foramen magnum.
Most blood leaves the brain through the internal jugular veins, which exit through the jugular foramina.
Styloid processes provide attachment points for three muscles involved in moving the tongue, hyoid bone, and pharynx.
Occipital Bone
The spinal cord and brain are connected through the foramen magnum.
Occipital condyles are points of articulation between the skull and the vertebral column.
Sphenoid Bone
Sinuses within bone are air-filled cavities. The sella turcica is occupied by the pituitary gland.
Ethmoid Bone
Nose
The thoracic cage
(consisting of the ribs, their associated costal cartilages, and the sternum)
Twelve pairs of ribs attach to the thoracic vertebrae.
They are divided into seven pairs of true ribs and five pairs of false ribs. Two pairs of false ribs are floating ribs.
The appendicular skeleton
consists of the upper and lower limbs and the girdles that attach the limbs to the body.
The pectoral girdle
consists of the scapulae and clavicles.
The scapula
articulates with the humerus and the clavicle. It is an attachment site for shoulder, back, and arm muscles.
The clavicle
holds the shoulder away from the body, permitting the arm to move freely.
The arm bone is the humerus.
The humerus articulates with the scapula (head), the radius (capitulum), and the ulna (trochlea).
Sites of muscle attachment are the greater and lesser tubercles, the deltoid tuberosity, and the epicondyles.
Forearm
Radius and ulna
wrist bones
Eight carpal bones, are arranged in two rows.
Hand
The hand consists of five metacarpal bones. The phalanges are digital bones. Each finger has three phalanges, and the thumb has two phalanges.
The pelvic girdle
consists of the right and left hip bones and the sacrum
The bone in the thigh is the femur.
The femur articulates with the hip bone (head), the tibia (medial and lateral condyles), and the patella (patellar groove).
Sites of muscle attachment are the greater and lesser trochanters and the adductor tubercle.
Sites of ligament attachment are the lateral and medial epicondyles.
The leg consists of the tibia and the fibula.
The tibia articulates with the femur, the fibula, and the talus. The fibula articulates with the tibia and the talus.
Tendons from the thigh muscles attach to the tibial tuberosity.
Joint
A joint, or an articulation, is a place where two bones come together.
Sutures - Fibrous
involve interlocking bones held together by dense fibrous connective tissue. They occur between most skull bones.
Syndesmoses - Fibrous
are joints consisting of fibrous ligaments.
Gomphoses - Fibrous
are joints in which pegs fit into sockets and are held in place by periodontal ligaments (teeth in the jaws).
Synchondroses - Cartilaginous Joints
are immovable joints in which bones are joined by hyaline cartilage. Epiphyseal plates are examples.
Symphyses - Cartilaginous Joints
are slightly movable joints made of fibrocartilage.
Bursae
are extensions of synovial joint cavities that protect skin, tendons, or bone from structures that could rub against them.
Gliding movements.
occur when two flat surfaces glide over one another
Angular movements
include flexion and extension, plantar flexion and dorsiflexion, and abduction and adduction.
Circular movements
include rotation, pronation and supination, and circumduction.
Special movements
include elevation and depression, protraction and retraction, excursion, opposition and reposition, and inversion and eversion.
The temporomandibular joint
joint is a complex hinge and gliding joint between the temporal and mandibular bones.
The shoulder joint
is a ball-and-socket joint between the head of the humerus and the glenoid cavity of the scapula that permits a wide range of motion.
The elbow joint
is a compound hinge joint between the humerus, the ulna, and the radius.
The hip joint
is a ball-and-socket joint between the head of the femur and the acetabulum of the hip bone.
The knee joint
is a hinge joint between the femur and the tibia that is supported by many ligaments.
The ankle joint
is a special hinge joint of the tibia, the fibula, and the talus that allows dorsiflexion and plantar flexion and inversion and eversion.
Flexion
is a bending movement that decreases the angle of the joint to bring the articulating bones closer together.
Extension
is a straightening movement that increases the angle of the joint to straighten the articulating bones
plantar flexion
Movement of the foot toward the plantar surface, as when standing on the toes,
dorsiflexion
movement of the foot toward the shin, as when walking on the heels, is called dorsiflexion
Abduction
(to take away) is movement away from the midline;
adduction
(to bring together) is movement toward the midline
Rotation
is the turning of a structure around its long axis
Pronation
is rotation of the forearm so that the palm faces posteriorly in relation to the anatomical position. The palm of the hand faces inferiorly if the elbow is flexed to 90 degrees
Supination
is rotation of the forearm so that the palm faces anteriorly in relation to the anatomical position. The palm of the hand faces superiorly if the elbow is flexed to 90 degrees.
Circumduction
is a combination of flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction (figure 8.9Bb). It occurs at freely movable joints, such as the shoulder.
Elevation
moves a structure superiorly
; depression
moves it inferiorly
Protraction
is a gliding motion that moves a structure in an anterior direction (figure 8.9Bd). Jutting out the jaw and hunching the shoulders are examples of protraction.
Retraction
is a gliding motion that moves a structure in a posterior direction (figure 8.9Bd). Pulling the jaw back and pinching or pulling the scapulae back toward the vertebral column illustrate retraction.
Lateral excursion
is moving the mandible to either the right or the left of the midline (figure 8.9Be), as occurs when grinding the teeth or chewing.
Medial excursion
returns the mandible to the midline position.
Opposition
is a movement unique to the thumb (figure 8.9Bg). It occurs when the thumb and the tip of a finger on the same hand are brought toward each other across the palm.
Reposition
returns the thumb to the neutral, anatomical position.
Inversion
turns the ankle so that the plantar surface of the foot faces medially, toward the opposite foot, with the weight on the outside edge of the foot (rolling out).
Eversion
turns the ankle so that the plantar surface faces laterally, with the weight on the inside edge of the foot (rolling in; figure 8.9Bh).
