Chapter 5 Flashcards
Epithelial cells
Thin, flattened, and tightly packed cells that replicate quickly and do not contain blood vessels. Skin cells.
Basement membrane
This membrane acts like glue, holding the epithelial tissue to other types of tissues and containing the heart.
Simple epithelium
contains one layer of cells
stratified epithelium
contains multiple layers of cells.
Cuboidal cells
Either round or square
Squamous cells
Thin and scaly, thin covering
Columnar cells
Tall and thin, large cushion
Goblet cells
Wine-glass shaped cells that secrete mucus, sweat, and other fluids to protect the mucus membranes of organs. Found in endocrine glands.
Pseudostratified columnar
Taller and shorter cells that may appear to be more than one layer because the nuclei don’t line up. However, if you look closely, you’ll see that every cell is connected to the basement membrane.
Simple columnar
Tall, thin cells that are longer than they are wide. Nuclei line up along the basement membrane. Found in the stomach and the large and small intestines. This type of cell is also able to secrete digestive fluids.
Simple squamous
Thin, flattened cells with broad, thin nuclei. Found in the walls of capillaries and vessels, body cavity membranes, and the air sacs in the lungs.
Simple cuboidal
Round or square cells with centrally located nuclei. Found in the kidneys, ovaries, and some ducts.
Stratified columnar
Several layers of cells; longer near the surface, while the cells near the basement membrane are more cuboidal.
Stratified squamous
Thick layers of tissue composed of many layers of cells. Cells near the surface are thinner while those closer to the basement membrane may appear more cuboidal. Found on the outer layers of the skin.
Stratified cuboidal
Two or three layers of cuboidal cells. Found in larger ducts of the mammary, sweat, and salivary glands and in the pancreas.
Dense connective tissue
A fibrous connective tissue with very little space for matrix and high concentration of fibers. Ligaments and tendons, dermis, exterior of bones
Adipose tissue
Fat-storing tissue. Body’s energy storehouse.
Reticular connective tissue
Fibers that create spongy connective tissue found in the middle of bones. Nymph nodes, spleen, thymys, and bone marrow. Spongy
collagenous fibers
Strong fibrous connective tissue.
Elastic fibers
Stretchy fibers made up of the protein elastin that help make connective tissue stretchy.
Loose connective tissue
Composed of less dense and more gel-like fluid; many organs and in blood vessels, nerves, and small spaces in muscles
Collagen
Bundled protein in the connective tissue fibers and in bone matrix.
Ehlers-Danlos syndrome
The collagen stretches beyond its normal limits, leading to problems such as overly loose joints, weak blood vessels, and/or hyper-elastic skin.
Marfan Syndrome
Marfan syndrome is caused by a defect in the gene that determines the structure of connective tissue
The affected individual may be unusually tall, have long limbs and fingers, a curved spine, and a protruding chest.
Supportive connective tissue
It consists of bone and cartilage. These tissues hold you upright and keep your body’s form.
Spongy bone
Bone that contains irregular spaces.
Compact bone
Dense bone with no apparent spaces.
Hyaline cartilage
Semi-clear cartilage with flexible connective tissue and fine matrix. Allows for bone growth.
Elastic cartilage
Human ear. Elastic cartilage provides flexible support to structures like the ear and nose. Flexible connective tissue with branching fibers in the matrix.
Fibrocartilage
Intervertebral disk. Absorbs shock and helps cushion areas with great stress like the knee and jaw. The most dense and strong type of cartilage that helps protect areas of high stress in the body.
Fluid connective issue
Blood
Plasma
A clear extracellular fluid found in the blood. Forms the basis of blood matrix and other cells.
Red blood cells
Blood cell that carries oxygen and carbon-dioxide to and from cells.
White blood cells
Blood cells that help fight infection.
Smooth muscle
Also involuntary and functions in hollow organs by squeezing and regulating organ size (such as the size of the eye’s pupil).
Cardiac muscle
Found in the heart only. It pumps blood involuntarily (whether we think about it or not).
Skeletal muscle
Attached to bones and makes us move. It is a voluntary muscle, meaning that we control how and when to move these muscles.
Nervous tissues
Tissue that consists of neurons and neuroglia found in the brain, spinal cord, and nerves. acts as a messenger delivering information between the brain and other parts of the bod
Neuroglia
Protective and regulatory cells connected to neurons.
Cell body
The cell body contains the nucleus and maintains cellular function.
Axon
The axon sends information to other cells
Dendrites
Dendrites receive the message.
Transitional epithelium
is stratified with cells that can change shape from cuboidal to flattened.
microvilli or cilia
can occur on the apical surface, which provide increased surface area or allow for movement across the epithelium surface.
Glands
are organs that secrete.
Exocrine glands
secrete through ducts
Merocrine glands
(e.g., pancreas) secrete substances as they are produced,
endocrine glands
release hormones that are absorbed directly into the blood.
apocrine glands
(e.g., mammary glands) accumulate secretions that are released when a portion of the cell pinches off,
Holocrine glands
(e.g., sebaceous glands) accumulate secretions that are released when the cell ruptures and dies.
-blast cells
form the matrix
-cyte cells
maintain it,
-clast
cells break it down
Fibroblasts
form protein fibers of many connective tissues,
osteoblasts
form bone,
chondroblasts
form cartilage.
Embryonic connective tissue
is called mesenchyme and gives rise to adult connective tissue.
Neurons multipolar bipolar
(several dendrites and an axon
Neurons bipolar
(one dendrite and one axon),
Neurons pseudo-unipolar
(one axon).
Mucous membranes
line cavities that open to the outside and often contain mucous glands, which secrete mucus.
Serous membranes
line cavities that do not open to the exterior and do not contain glands but do secrete serous fluid.
Synovial membranes
are formed by connective tissue, line joint cavities, and secrete a lubricating fluid.
Tissue repair - Primary
by primary union occurs when the edges of the wound are close together.
Tissue repair - Secondary
Secondary union occurs when the edges are far apart.
