Chapter 8: The Pseudo-Verbal Constructio and Imperative

Question 1

Define pseudo-verbal construction

Answer 1

An adverbial predicate using the prepositions Hr, r, or m that take an infinitive as their object yet convey verbal sense

The tense of such verbs is always relative

Question 2

First present PVC

Answer 2

Hr + infinitive

Conveys action in the present tense, either ongoing or generic

Can be used in the past tense

Question 3

First future PVC

Answer 3

m + infinitive

Conveys progressive present tense

Common with intransitive verbs

Question 4

Third future PVC

Answer 4

r + infintive

Conveys explicit, inevitable, and objective future tense

Question 5

Impersonal pronoun

Answer 5

tw, “one”

Could be employed as the subject of any verbal or adverbial predicate and could act as a suffix or dependent pronoun

Could be used as an independent pronoun, but only in a Third Future PVC

Question 5

PVC negation

Answer 5

Rarely, PVCs were negated with nn

Question 6

Present I: Narrative Constructions

Answer 6

First Present occurs commonly in past tense narration in an initial main clause indicating the next event in a story

Introduced by aHa.n or wn.in with a noun or suffix subject

Question 6

1st Present PVC in past tense

Answer 6

Conveys ongoing simple past tense, often best translated with a helping verb “began” or “started”

Question 7

Present I: Compound Sentences

Answer 7

First Present PVC occurs commonly in NIMS constructions that occur simultaneously with the main clause

Question 7

PVC in Adverb Clauses

Answer 7

The First Present and First Future PVCs occur commonly in adverb clauses conveying simultaneous action to the main clause

Most of these clauses are unmarked, but can use isT/isk

Question 8

PVC in Noun Clauses

Answer 8

These are not common, but rarely appear in marked noun clauses in archaizing texts

Question 8

PVC in Adjective clauses

Answer 8

PVC can appear in unmarked direct adjective clauses

More often appear in marked clauses

Question 9

Imperative

Answer 9

Finite verb form without an expressed subject used to issue commands (imperative mood)

Question 10

Imperative morphology

Answer 10

Most verbs take base form

Second geminate roots sometime geminate

Roots with two radicales (like nD) sometimes take a i- prefix

Imperatives addressed to multiple people sometime take a -y ending

Question 11

Imperative objects

Answer 11

Nouns or dependent pronouns, never suffixes

Question 12

Vocative

Answer 12

This was used in context of an imperative, where the addressed noun can appear before or after the verb

Question 13

Vocative particles

Answer 13

“i” and “hA”

May introduce an imperative

Question 14

Suffix pronouns on the Imperative

Answer 14

Gives a reflexive meaning

Only appears with second person suffixes

This can also be done with the preposition r + suffix

Question 15

Ethical dative

Answer 15

The dative particle with a suffix following an imperative

Gives the sense of doing a command

Question 16

Irregular Imperatives

Answer 16

There are three irregular imperatives, all centering around the root consonant “m”

M(i), “come!”
im, “Give; place; put”
m, “take:

Question 17

Negative imperative

Answer 17

Negated by “m”