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Middle Egyptian > Chapter 11: The Perfect, Passive, and Stative > Flashcards

Chapter 11: The Perfect, Passive, and Stative Flashcards

1
Q

The Perfect sDm.n=f

A

Has an inseparable .n infix added to the end of the stem

Employs base stem for strong and final weak roots

Geminating roots can be either geminate or base

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2
Q

Anomalous roots in the Perfect

A

Both can use either base roots with the Perfect infix

rdi/di -> rdi.n/di.n
iw/ii -> iw.n/ii.n

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3
Q

Perfect meaning in a main clause

A

The perfect was used for affirmative statements expressing completed action with transitive verbs

Often translated with a simple past or past perfect tense

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4
Q

Perfect particles

A

As an initial main clause, the perfect often is introduced by iw or m=k

A perfect main clause can be without a particle, but this is generally only as a NIMS or a second tense

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5
Q

Narrative perfect

A

In narrative constructions, the Perfect was often introduced by aHa.n, “then…”

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6
Q

Subject Perfect construction

A

Perfect predicates can appear as an initial main clause with a topicalized noun, pronoun, or noun clause with a resumptive pronoun

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7
Q

Omission of the subject in a perfect predicate

A

Perfect predicates may omit the subject when the scribe has mentioned it previously

When omitted, the scribe may change the infix from .n to .ni (written with dual strokes)

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8
Q

Passive Perfect

A

sDm.n.tw=f

The perfect can become passive by taking an additional .tw infix

This occurs exclusively to suffix subjects

Most examples of this are limited to the Perfect Relative Form

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9
Q

Perfect and NIMS

A

The perfect occurs comminly in NIMS constructions with no introductory particle conveying the next event in a sequence

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10
Q

Perfect in an Adverb clause

A

A perfect in an adverb clause describes action prior to the main clause

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11
Q

Perfect Relative Form

A

An adjectival use of the Perfect which occurs in indirect adjective clauses and can function as nouns in their own right

Can take gender and number markers and will be possessed

Incompatible with iw

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12
Q

Morphology of the Perfect relative form

A

Feminine and plural markers would be added prior to the .n infix

ex: Dd.t.n n=i bA=i, “That which my ba said to me”

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13
Q

Perfect in an adjective clause

A

The Perfect can appear in an unmarked adjective clause after an undefined antecedent

These are unmarked for gender and number, but otherwise are only distinguishable from the Perfect Relative Form when they are negated

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14
Q

Perfect in a Noun Clause

A

Both the perfect and its relative form can occur in Noun clauses

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15
Q

Negation of the Perfect

A

ni + sDm.n=f, “He does not hear”
Used for negative present tense or negative present ability (in narration it can be past imperfect, “He was not hearing)

nn + sdm.n=f, “He will not hear”
Conveys negative future ability

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16
Q

Negation of the Perfect Relative Form

A

Hm.t tm.t.n=f sDm si, “The woman whom he has not seen”

The negative verb tm will be made into a perfect relative form with a negatival complement

NOTE: The co-referent of this construction will be a dependent pronoun, not a suffix

17
Q

Passive sDm(w) A

A

This is a passive bi-partite predicate form used for noun subjects

18
Q

Passive morphology

A

Base stem for all root classes with an omissible -w ending

Final weak roots may have a weak -y ending

19
Q

Anomalous verbs in the passive

A

Both rdi and iw/ii can be written in either form

20
Q

Passive particles

A

Regularly introduced by iw, m=k, or aHa.n

21
Q

Passive in a NIMS

A

Describes the next event in narration

22
Q

Passive in an adverb clause

A

Describes actions prior to the main clause

23
Q

Passive in adjective and noun clauses

A

Did not regularly occur in unmarked noun or unmarked adjective clauses

24
Q

Negation of the passive

A

ni + passive

Obeys Gunn’s rule

25
Q

Gunn’s rule

A

This is the tense inversion seen with the negation of the Perfect and Passive

The affirmative is normally translated in English as having past tense, but in negation it will be present

26
Q

Use of the Stative

A

Used for affirmative statements expressing completed action with intransitive verbs

Also used to express present state resulting form past action

27
Q

Transitive verbs in the stative

A

Gives passive sense

28
Q

Stative endings

A

1cs. .k(w)
2cs. .t(i)
3ms. (.w)
3fs. .t(i)
1cpl. .(wi)n
2cpl. .tiwni
3cpl. (.wy)/(.y)

29
Q

Stative Morphology

A

Verb + Stative Marker

The stative endings were unique markers depicting gender, number, and person

Base stem with strong root classes

Weak stems rarely geminate

Geminate stems can be base or geminate

30
Q

Anomalous verbs in the stative

A

Both can be either of their stems

31
Q

Subject Stative

A

Stative main clauses often begin with a nominal or pronominal subject that agrees in gender, number, and person with the stative marker

Could be introduced with the particles iw, m=k, isT, which governed the choice of subject pronoun

Bare subject statives were also common

32
Q

Bare Statives

A

Statives without an initial noun or pronoun were also common in Main clauses, but these were limited to instances of optative statives and first person subjects

33
Q

Statives with adjective verbs

A

Adjective verbs were often put into the Stative with the meaning of having “become” the adjective

34
Q

Optative use of the Stative

A

A certain use of the Stative in Main Clauses which gives it subjunctive mood

Limited to certain phrases in the 2cs conjugation

35
Q

LPH Formula

A

The most common optative use of the stative

A common construction often following the name of the king and written with the ankh, wDA, and s cloth

Literally is anx(.w) (w)DA(.w) s(nb.w), “May he live, prosper, and be well!”

36
Q

Stative NIMS

A

Statives occur in NIMS constructions like the Perfect and Passive and should be translated in the simple past

37
Q

Stative in Adverb clauses

A

Commonly occurs in unmarked adverb clauses

Most bare statives are in adverb clauses where they convey present state and can be translated as a gerund

38
Q

Stative in Noun and Adjective clauses

A

They can appear in unmarked adjective and noun clauses, but more commonly appear in marked clauses

39
Q

Negation of the Stative

A

nn+stative

This is not common

Middle Egyptian (12 decks)

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