Chapter 11: The Perfect, Passive, and Stative Flashcards
The Perfect sDm.n=f
Has an inseparable .n infix added to the end of the stem
Employs base stem for strong and final weak roots
Geminating roots can be either geminate or base
Anomalous roots in the Perfect
Both can use either base roots with the Perfect infix
rdi/di -> rdi.n/di.n
iw/ii -> iw.n/ii.n
Perfect meaning in a main clause
The perfect was used for affirmative statements expressing completed action with transitive verbs
Often translated with a simple past or past perfect tense
Perfect particles
As an initial main clause, the perfect often is introduced by iw or m=k
A perfect main clause can be without a particle, but this is generally only as a NIMS or a second tense
Narrative perfect
In narrative constructions, the Perfect was often introduced by aHa.n, “then…”
Subject Perfect construction
Perfect predicates can appear as an initial main clause with a topicalized noun, pronoun, or noun clause with a resumptive pronoun
Omission of the subject in a perfect predicate
Perfect predicates may omit the subject when the scribe has mentioned it previously
When omitted, the scribe may change the infix from .n to .ni (written with dual strokes)
Passive Perfect
sDm.n.tw=f
The perfect can become passive by taking an additional .tw infix
This occurs exclusively to suffix subjects
Most examples of this are limited to the Perfect Relative Form
Perfect and NIMS
The perfect occurs comminly in NIMS constructions with no introductory particle conveying the next event in a sequence
Perfect in an Adverb clause
A perfect in an adverb clause describes action prior to the main clause
Perfect Relative Form
An adjectival use of the Perfect which occurs in indirect adjective clauses and can function as nouns in their own right
Can take gender and number markers and will be possessed
Incompatible with iw
Morphology of the Perfect relative form
Feminine and plural markers would be added prior to the .n infix
ex: Dd.t.n n=i bA=i, “That which my ba said to me”
Perfect in an adjective clause
The Perfect can appear in an unmarked adjective clause after an undefined antecedent
These are unmarked for gender and number, but otherwise are only distinguishable from the Perfect Relative Form when they are negated
Perfect in a Noun Clause
Both the perfect and its relative form can occur in Noun clauses
Negation of the Perfect
ni + sDm.n=f, “He does not hear”
Used for negative present tense or negative present ability (in narration it can be past imperfect, “He was not hearing)
nn + sdm.n=f, “He will not hear”
Conveys negative future ability
Negation of the Perfect Relative Form
Hm.t tm.t.n=f sDm si, “The woman whom he has not seen”
The negative verb tm will be made into a perfect relative form with a negatival complement
NOTE: The co-referent of this construction will be a dependent pronoun, not a suffix
Passive sDm(w) A
This is a passive bi-partite predicate form used for noun subjects
Passive morphology
Base stem for all root classes with an omissible -w ending
Final weak roots may have a weak -y ending
Anomalous verbs in the passive
Both rdi and iw/ii can be written in either form
Passive particles
Regularly introduced by iw, m=k, or aHa.n
Passive in a NIMS
Describes the next event in narration
Passive in an adverb clause
Describes actions prior to the main clause
Passive in adjective and noun clauses
Did not regularly occur in unmarked noun or unmarked adjective clauses
Negation of the passive
ni + passive
Obeys Gunn’s rule
Gunn’s rule
This is the tense inversion seen with the negation of the Perfect and Passive
The affirmative is normally translated in English as having past tense, but in negation it will be present
Use of the Stative
Used for affirmative statements expressing completed action with intransitive verbs
Also used to express present state resulting form past action
Transitive verbs in the stative
Gives passive sense
Stative endings
1cs. .k(w)
2cs. .t(i)
3ms. (.w)
3fs. .t(i)
1cpl. .(wi)n
2cpl. .tiwni
3cpl. (.wy)/(.y)
Stative Morphology
Verb + Stative Marker
The stative endings were unique markers depicting gender, number, and person
Base stem with strong root classes
Weak stems rarely geminate
Geminate stems can be base or geminate
Anomalous verbs in the stative
Both can be either of their stems
Subject Stative
Stative main clauses often begin with a nominal or pronominal subject that agrees in gender, number, and person with the stative marker
Could be introduced with the particles iw, m=k, isT, which governed the choice of subject pronoun
Bare subject statives were also common
Bare Statives
Statives without an initial noun or pronoun were also common in Main clauses, but these were limited to instances of optative statives and first person subjects
Statives with adjective verbs
Adjective verbs were often put into the Stative with the meaning of having “become” the adjective
Optative use of the Stative
A certain use of the Stative in Main Clauses which gives it subjunctive mood
Limited to certain phrases in the 2cs conjugation
LPH Formula
The most common optative use of the stative
A common construction often following the name of the king and written with the ankh, wDA, and s cloth
Literally is anx(.w) (w)DA(.w) s(nb.w), “May he live, prosper, and be well!”
Stative NIMS
Statives occur in NIMS constructions like the Perfect and Passive and should be translated in the simple past
Stative in Adverb clauses
Commonly occurs in unmarked adverb clauses
Most bare statives are in adverb clauses where they convey present state and can be translated as a gerund
Stative in Noun and Adjective clauses
They can appear in unmarked adjective and noun clauses, but more commonly appear in marked clauses
Negation of the Stative
nn+stative
This is not common
