Chapter 12: The Imperfective and Perfective

Question 1

The Imperfective sDm=f

Answer 1

Marked for imperfect aspect (ongoing action)

Generally translated as the relative present tense, “He hears”

Question 2

The Perfective sDm=f

Answer 2

Unmarked for tense, mood, or aspect, but occurs in main clauses with simple past tense reference and indicative mood

Very uncommon in the affirmative, but appears regularly in a negated form

Question 3

Morphology of the Imperfective

Answer 3

Base stem for strong and weak

Geminate classes always geminate

Question 4

Anomalous roots in the imperfective

Answer 4

rdi/di -> di
iw/ii -> iw/ii/iy

Question 5

Imperfective Particles

Answer 5

Commonly introduced with the regular particles

Most commonly with iw

Question 6

Passive imperfective

Answer 6

Can take the passive tw as an infix or pronoun to create passive sense

Question 7

wnn and the Imperfective

Answer 7

In the imperfective, the verb wnn, “to exist,” takes the weakened sense of “to be”

Used to force an imperfect aspect on a following prepositional phrase or stative

Question 8

Subject Imperfective

Answer 8

Commonly the Imperfective appears with a topicalized subject and resumptive pronoun

Commonly introduced with iw

Question 9

Aorist Imperfective

Answer 9

Subject-Imperfectives often contained an aorist sense, meaning they expressed culturally relevant sayings

Question 10

Imperfective in an Adverb clause

Answer 10

Imperfective and Subject-Imperfective occur commonly in adverb clauses conveying simultaneous action to the main clause

Question 11

Imperfective Relative Form

Answer 11

Used in indirect adjective clauses and in noun clauses (in noun clauses it is always in the masculine singular)

Geminates in all mutable verb classes (weak, geminate, and anomalous)

Final weak -w or -y

Question 12

Imperfective Gloss

Answer 12

sDm=f pw, “It means that he hears”

The imperfective relative form can appear as a noun in an A pw as a gloss to a religious text

Question 13

Negation of the Imperfective

Answer 13

No regular negation

Negative counterpart was the negative perfect

Question 14

Negation of the Imperfective Relative Form

Answer 14

tm + subject + negatival complement

Most negations of the Imperfective relative form are in Second Tenses

Question 15

Perfective Morphology

Answer 15

Base stem for all root classes

Question 16

Anomalous verbs in the Perfective

Answer 16

rdi/di -> always rdi
iw/ii -> iw/ii

Question 17

Affirmative Perfective

Answer 17

Practically only occurs in Middle Egyptian with the verb wnn, “to exist”

In the perfective, wnn takes the weakened sense of “to be” and forces simple past tense onto a following prepositional phrase or stative

Question 18

Negative Perfective

Answer 18

ni + verb

Much more common than the affirmative

Negative counterpart to the Perfect sDm.n=f

Question 19

Perfective in subordinate clauses

Answer 19

Use was limited practically to Main clauses with rare examples of use in adjective and noun clauses

Question 20

Perfective Relative Form

Answer 20

Used with indirect adjective clauses and noun clause with simple past tense meaning

Can occasionally have subjecuntvie meaning

Question 21

Morphology of the Perfective Relative Form

Answer 21

Base stem for all roots

3rd weak roots have a weak -y ending

Anomalous roots
rdi/di -> rdi/di
iw/ii -> i

Question 22

Negation of the Perfective Relative Form

Answer 22

tm +negatival complement

Identical to negative imperfective relative form

Question 23

Htp di niswt Formula

Answer 23

“An offering which the king gave”

Most common use of the Perfective Relative Form

Often followed by a list of deities and their epithets

Question 24

pr(t)-xrw

Answer 24

“an invocation offering”

Often follows the beginning of an invocation offering and will be followed by a list of what is being given

Question 25

n kA n imAx

Answer 25

“for the ka of the venerated one”

The final part of an invocation offering which will be followed by the names and titles of the beneficiary