Chapter 2: Nouns and Pronouns Flashcards
Proclitic particle vs enclitic particle
Proclitic particles can begin a sentence; enclitic particles do not
Masculine Noun Endings
Singular = –
Dual = .wy
Plural = .w
Feminine Noun Endings
Singular = .t
Dual = .ty
Plural = .wt
Noun Apposition
Two nouns in sequence can be in apposition, meaning the words refer to the same object
Noun Coordination
Two nouns in sequence can be in coordination (noun + and + noun). This can also be done with the prepositions Hna and Hr
Noun disjunction
Two nouns in sequence can be in disjunction (or). Rarely, r-pw could be used in a similar manner to show disjunction
Direct Genitive
Two nouns in sequence can be in a direct genitive, where the first noun belongs to the second noun
Indirect Genitive
Noun + n + noun
The first noun belongs to the second noun. The genitival adjective “n” must agree in gender and number with the possessed
Honorific Transposition
Certain words related to gods or the king may have a unique word order where the honored word will come first but grammatically it is understood to follow
Independent Pronouns
1s. ink
2ms. ntk
2fs. ntt
3ms. ntf
3fs. nts
1pl. inn
2pl. nttn
3pl. ntsn
Dependent Pronouns
1s. wi
2ms. T/tw
2fs. T/tn
3ms. sw
3fs. si
1pl. n
2pl. tn
3pl. sn
Neutral. st
Suffix pronouns
1s. =i
2ms. =k
2fs. =t
3ms. =f
3fs. =s
1pl. =n
2pl. =tn
3pl. =sn
Demonstratives
Ms. Fs. Neutral (Pl.)
pwy twy nwy
pA tA nA
pn tn nn
pf(A) tf(A) nf(A)
Demonstrative Syntax
-n and -wy series follow their noun
The singular -A series precedes the noun
-f(A) series can precede or follow noun
Neutral demonstratives linked to a plural verb will always precede the word and be linked through an indirect genitive
Analytical Pronominal Possession
Post 12th Dynasty form of possession using the -A series demonstratives
The demonstrative agrees in gender and number with the possessed object, but the demonstrative has a suffix pronoun which is the possessor
ex: pAy=s rmn, “her side”
When the possessed object is plural, the demonstrative is joined through an indirect genitive
ex: nAy=k n spr.wt “your petitions”
r-pw
Prepositional phrase (r+the demonstrative pw) meaning “with respect to that”
This can mark disjunction in a noun phrase and will appear as the last word in the sentence
Paternal filiation
A special form of honorific transposition from the Middle Kingdom where a father’s name will be written first in a genitive relationship
Dependent Pronoun st
Unmarked for gender and number and can be used for antecedents whose gender is unknown or irrelevant
It is commonly reserved for inanimate things
Pronominal use of demonstratives
The -f(A) series was used for distant things (“that/those”), while the -n series was used for close things (“this”)
All demonstratives could be used as a freestanding pronoun, but the -n series was preferred.
Vocative Use of Demonstrative Pronouns
Demonstratives could mark a vocative when following the name of an individual being addresed
