Chapter 5: Adverbs and Adverbial Predicates Flashcards
What is an Egyptian adverb?
These modify predicates and the parts of speech that modify predicated. They can tell us when, why, how, or where something happened.
Adverb Syntax
Adverbs follow the word they modify or stand at the end of the clause as an adverbial adjunct
Adverbial Predicates
Subject + adverb(ial)
The most common non-verbal predicate
When the subject was a noun or demonstrative pronoun, it could be the first word in the sentence
More commonly an adverbially main clause is introduced by the proclitic particle iw
Adverbial predicate particles
“iw”
Indicative particle which commonly introduces adverbial predicates and uses suffix subjects
“m=k”
“Look,” particle that introduces dependent pronoun subject
Independent pronouns, adverbial predicates, and particles
Adverbial predicates almost never use an independent pronoun subject, so therefore requires a particle to introduce the sentence
Adverbial predicate with unexpressed subject
Some adverbial predicates have no subject expressed
This was done when the sentence refers to a general state of affairs
ex: iw mi sxr nTr, “(It) was like the plan of a god”
The m of equivalence
Subject + m + object
Subject is the object
ex: iw=f m nDs rnp.t 110, “He is a commoner of 110 years”
The r of futurity
Subject + r + object
Subject is bound for/headed toward/will become the object
Future equivalent of the m of equivalence
Adverbial Sentence of Possession
Adverbial sentences that use the dative prepositions “n” to demonstrate the object’s possession of the subject
When the object is a noun, the dative will be at the end of the sentence; when it is a suffix, it will move to at or near the start of the sentence. It can only be preceded by proclitic particles
Negation of Adverbial Predicates
Negated by the proclitic particle nn, which is normally followed by a noun or dependent pronoun subject
Interrogative Adverbial Predictes
Could be interrogated by in, in iw, or Tnw, which means “where?”
What are Modal Markers?
Particles which signal grammatical mood ranging on spectrum of possibility and desire; from impossible to to factual
List of Modal Markers
nn: not, negative indicative
HA: “would that; if only,” subjunctive mood
iw: untranslated, indicative mood; simple grounding
m=k, jsw: “look; observe,” indicative; evidential
nHmn: “surely; obviously,” indicative, self evident statement
Topicalization
Topicalization is when a scribe wishes to place mild emphasis on a noun subject or an object
The noun will be written at the beginning of a sentence with a resumptive pronoun taking its place
ex: antiw n=i im sw, “Myrrh, it is mine.”
The particle ir and topicalization
The particle ir (a sentence initial form of the preposition r) could be placed at the beginning of a topicalized sentence to give further emphasis to the topicalization
It means basically “as for, with respect to”
ex: ir wnn Xr=s iw=f m nTr aA, “As for the one who exists beneath it, he is a great god.”
