Chapter 7: Verbs I Flashcards
Define Transitive Verb
A verb that can transfer its action to an object
Define verb of incomplete predication
A transitive verb that must have an object
Define reflexive verb
A transitive verb where the object refers to the same grammatical person as the subject
Define intransitive verb
A verb that cannot transfer their action of an object
Define verb tense
This is the time when a verb’s action occurs
Define verbal aspect
This refers to a verb’s action as being complete (perfect) or incomplete (imperfect)
Define verbal durativity
Similar to imperfect aspect, durativity is the notion of repeating or habitual action
Define verbal mood
Refers to the subject’s attitude towards the action, indicative or subjunctive
Define verbal voice
Active or passive; the verb performs the action or has the action performed on it
Strong verbal root
All consonants are strong and they generally do not change for different constructions; rarely geminate
Final weak roots
Ends in the final weak consonant -i or -w
Sometimes these geminate in the second to last (strong) consonant
ex: iri -> irr
Geminate roots
The two final roots are the same
Can appear in geminate or base form, with the geminate form appearing more frequently than other root classes
S-causitives
An intial s: consonant added to the beginning of a strong, weak, or geminate root
Gives the verb a causitive sense
Anomalous roots
rdi/di and iw/ii
These two extremely common final weak verbs that have idiosyncratic morphologies
The Egyptian infinitive
Base form of the verb
Overlaps in meaning with the English infinitive and gerund
Nominal form of the verb, so can be used in any way a noun can be
Unlike other nouns, can be used with a subject or agent, could be used with an object receiving the action, could be modified by adverbial elements
Morphology of the infinitive
Strong roots: Base stem
Weak roots: Final weak .t
Geminate roots: Base or geminate
Grammatical use of the infinitive
The infinitive is a nominal form of the verb, and therefore can be a subject, object, or possessor/possessed
Infinitive Syntax Patterns
Pattern 0: Verb
Pattern 1: Verb-subject/object
Pattern 2: Verb-subject-object
Pattern 3: Verb-object-subject
(this was when the subject was a noun and the object was a pronoun)
Pattern 4: Verb-(object)-agent
Infinitive in captions and headings
The infinitive is common in captions and headings describing the action in a scene and should be translated as a gerund
The infinitive in narration
ex: sDm pw ir.n=f, “what he did next was listen”
A special narrative construction utilizing the infinitive in an A pw B with a relative form
The passive infinitive in narration
sDm pw iry
Narrative infinitive
An infinitive with a suffix at the beginning of a new sentence
Translated as a finite verb in the simple past
Occurs in narration when a break in the story occurs or a new episode is beginning
The “how to” infinitive
When the infinitive is the object of a verb of perception or knowing, it conveys the sense of knowing how to perform that action
ex: iw=f rx Tz tp Hsq, “He knows how to attach a severed head”
r+infinitive
Conveys purpose; “in order to (verb)”
m+infinitive
Conveys ongoing action/imperfect aspect simultaneous action to the governing clause; translate as “as” or “while” verbing
Common with intransitive verbs
ex: nfa.n=i wi m nftft, “I removed myself while leaping”
Hr+infinitive
Similar to m+infinitive and conveys imperfect aspect simultaneous to governing clause
Common with both transitive and intransitive verbs
Negation of the infinitive
nn+verb
occurs commonly in unmarked adverb clauses meaning “without (verbing)”
Note: This negates a verbs existence, not its action
Negation of possession
The negative relative adjective jwti negates the existence of a possessed infinitive in a marked indirect adjective clause
Negation of action
tm+negatival complement
The negatival complement is the stem with a weak -w ending
Verbal nouns
