Chapter 6: Subordinate Clauses Flashcards
Subordinate clauses
These are clauses that are dependent on a main clause
Each of the types of Egyptian subordinate clauses corresponds with the syntactic function of the different major parts of speech
What does a noun clause tell us
What happened
What does an adjective clause tell us
Describes qualities and kinds of nouns
What does an adverb clause tell us
When, where, why, or how the predicate occured
Adverb clause with a non-verbal predicate
Conveys simultaneous occurence to the main clause
ex: iw wp.n=f r=f r=i iw=iHr X.t=i m bAH=f, “He opened his mouth to me, while I was upon my belly in his presence.”
Unmarked adverb clause
Formally identical to main clauses.
You can tell the difference when the two clauses are situationally relevant to one another
How to translate an adverb clause
Use “while,” “to be,” or “with”
ex: I spent three days alone,
while my heart was my companion/
my heart being my companion/
with my heart as my companion
Nominal negation of existence in an adverb clause
A common sentence pattern which explains how a main clause occured without the subordinate
ex: swdf=k sw aA nn wSb, “You should delay here, without answering.”
Syntactic markers of initiality
These markers indicate that the following clause is independent
These include the modal markers HA, m=k, isw, and nHmn
iw and adverbial chains
Initial main clauses begun with iw and possessing an adverbial predicate were often followed by a sequence of adverbial clauses utilizing adverbial predicates depciting simultaneous concomitant circumstances to the main clause
The particle (i)sT/(i)sk/ist
This particle can begin both a main clause and an adverb clause. A translation in English is difficult to define, as it marks that the preceding and following clause possess some situational relationship.
When used with pronouns, the subject will be dependent
When beginning an adverbial predicate clause, understand it as a marked adverb clause that indicates when the action of the main clause is true
ex: ink zA=f wD.n=f n wnn Hr ns.t=f jsk wi m imi-zS=f
“I was his son whom he commanded to be upon his throne while I was a hatchling.”
The particle ti
A particle which marked adverb clauses with adverbial or verbal predicates
Can occur with both main and subordinate clauses
Goes with dependent pronouns
Provides a sense of when the main clause occured
The particle is
Enclitic particle used to mark adverb clauses and archaizing noun clauses
Can mark non-verbal and verbal predicates, but occurs commonly with nominal predicates
Explains why a main clause is true and translated as the English preposition “for”
Adverbial negation of individual words and phrases
Uses the compound negation ni-js
Creates an adverbial sense of contrast; a sense of “but not” or “except” when used with adverbs or prepositional phrases, and “not” with nouns or noun phrases
Noun clauses
Fill the syntactic position of a noun
Can be the subject to a predicate, the object of a preposition or verb, or the predicate of a nominal sentence
Most often, they are the object of a prepositon or verb
Typically signalled with the word “that”
Marked noun clause
Not particularly common, but non-verbal noun clauses could be marked by n.tt
Hr-n.tt
Means “because”
Dr-n.tt
Means “since”
Adjective clauses
Follow a noun antecedent like an adjective
Can be marked or unmarked, direct or indirect
Translated with an appropriate relative word (who, whose, whom, which, that)
Co-referents in Adjective Clauses
These are pronouns which refer back to the clause’s antecedent for their subject
Direct adjective clause
This is where the nominal antecedent is the subject of the adjective clause
ex: z pw iw=f m pr, “He was a man who was in the house”
Indirect adjective clause
This is where the antecedent of the adjective clause is not the subject.
The co-referent within the clause, rather than being the subject, will often be the possessor of a noun or
Marked vs unmarked adjective clausesmber
Marked adjective clauses have a defined antecedent; indirect have an undefined antecedent
Adjective clause markers
These agree in gender and number with the noun it modifies
M.s: nt.i
F. singular/plural: n.tt
M. pl: n.tiw
Adjective clause markers with non-verbal predicates
While unmarked adjective clauses could use any kind of non-verbal predicate, marked adjective clauses generally only used adverbial predicates
Adjective clause markers in direct clauses
In a direct clause, the clause marker itself will serve as the subject and there will be no co-referent
The subject of marked indirect adjective clauses
Here, a co-referent will serve as the subject of the clause that is suffixed onto the clause marker or is a noun/dependent pronoun which follows it
Negative adjective clause markers
M.s.: jw.ti
F. s/pl: iw.tt
M.pl: iw.tiw
