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A&P > chapter 8 the nervous system > Flashcards

chapter 8 the nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the nervous system?

A

detect changes and feel sensations

initiate responses to changes

organize information and store it

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2
Q

what does the nervous system consist of?

A

the CNS- brain and spinal cord

the PNS- cranial and spinal nerves and the ANS

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3
Q

What are nerve cells called?

A

neurons or nerve fibers

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4
Q

What are dendrite cells?

A

conduct nerve impulses towards the cell body

neurons may have hundreds of dendrites

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5
Q

What are Axons?

A

conduct nerve impulses away from the cell body

Neurons only have one axon

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6
Q

Where are neuron cell bodies found?

A

in the CNS

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7
Q

What kind of cells are found in the CNS?

A

Oligodendrocytes and microglia

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8
Q

What kind of cells are found in the PNS

A

schwann cells and myelin sheath

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9
Q

What are schwann cells?

A

consists of axons and dendrites

grow to surround the neuron processes, enclosing them in layers of Schwann cell membrane

produce myelin sheath around axons

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10
Q

What is the myelin sheath?

A

a phospholipid that electrically insulated neurons from one to another

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11
Q

What are the nodes of Ranvier?

A

spaces between adjacent Schwann cells or segments of the myelin sheath

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12
Q

What is the function of the Nodes of Ranvier?

A

parts of the neuron cell membrane that depolarize when an electrical impulse is transmitted

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13
Q

What is the neurolemma?

A

the nuclei and cytoplasm of the Schwann cells are wrapped around the outside of the myelin sheath

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14
Q

What is the function of neurolemmas?

A

essential for the regeneration of neurons

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15
Q

What are oligodendrocytes?

A

produce myelin sheaths around axons of the CNS

one of the neuroglia

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16
Q

Why doesn’t the regeneration of neurons happen in the CNS?

A

There are no Schwann cells present which means there is no neurolemma

This is why severing of the spinal cord results in permanent loss of function

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17
Q

What are the microglia?

A

another kind of neuroglia

they are phagocytes- they clean up cellular debris and damaged cells and phagocytize pathogens

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18
Q

What are asrocytes?

A

another kind of neuroglia

they provide framework for the migrating neurons that will form the brain

help regulated localized blood flow within the brain

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19
Q

What do Astrocytes contribute to?

A

Blood-Brain Barrier- which prevents potentially harmful waste products in the blood from diffusing out into brain tissue

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20
Q

What are disadvantages of the blood-brain barrier?

A

some useful medications cannot cross it

antibodies produced by lymphocytes cross only with difficulty

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21
Q

What is Polarization?

A

a neuron not carrying an impulse

more Na+ ions outside cell/ more K+ ions and negative ions inside the cell

results in positive charge outside of cell membrane and negative charge inside cell

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22
Q

What is depolarization

A

entry on na+ ions

reversal of charges on either side of the membrane

outside now has a negative charge and inside has positive charge

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23
Q

What is repolarization?

A

K+ ions exit the cell

this restores positive charge outside and the negative inside

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24
Q

What does the term action potential refer to?

A

depolarization followed by repolarization

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25
Q

What do the sodium and potassium pumps do?

A

they return Na+ ions outside and K+ ions inside

the neuron is now ready to respond to another stimulus and transmit another impulse

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26
Q

What is saltatory conduction?

A

in a myelinated neuron only the nodes of Ranvier depolarize

increase speed of impulses

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27
Q

How do nerve impulses differ?

A

they are all exactly the same but they different effects depending on on their various destinations

(muscles,glands, or other neurons)

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28
Q

What is a nerve impulse considered as?

A

like a switch or signal that activates the cell, tissue, or organ of its destination

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29
Q

What is the synapse?

A

the small gap between the axon of one neuron and the dendrites or cell body of the next neuron

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30
Q

What happens during the process of a synapse?

A

A neurotransmitter carries the impulse across a synapse and is then destroyed by a chemical inactivator or absorbed

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31
Q

Many synapses are termed excitatory why?

A

the neurotransmitter causes the postsynaptic neuron to depolarize

transmits an electrical pulse

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32
Q

Why are some synapses termed inhibitory?

A

the neurotransmitter causes the postsynaptic neuron to hyperpolarize

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33
Q

What is hyperpolarization?

A

the neuron membrane becomes even more positive outside as K+ ions leave the cell or Cl- ions enter the cell

does not transmit an electrical impulse

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34
Q

What groups are neurons classified as?

A

Sensory neurons, motor neurons, and interneurons

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35
Q

What are sensory neurons?

A

carry impulses from receptors to the CNS

may be somatic (from skin, skeletal muscles, joints)

or visceral (from internal organs)

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36
Q

What are receptors?

A

structures that detect external or internal changes and generate impulses that travel along afferent neurons to the CNS

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37
Q

Sensory neurons from receptors in skin, skeletal muscles and joints are called?

A

somatic

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38
Q

Sensory neurons from receptors in internal organs are called?

A

visceral sensory neurons

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39
Q

What are motor neurons (efferent neurons)?

A

carry impulses from the CNS to effectors

may be somatic (to skeletal muscle)

or visceral (to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, or glands)

40
Q

What are the two general type of effectors?

A

muscles-contract or relax

glands-secrete or do not

41
Q

Sensory and motor neurons make up what system?

A

The PNS

42
Q

Visceral motor neurons make up what system?

A

Autonomic nervous system (ANS)

43
Q

What are interneurons?

A

carry only sensory or motor impulses, or to integrate these functions

found entirely within the CNS

some interneurons are concerned with thinking, learning and memory

44
Q

What is a nerve?

A

a group of axons and/ or dendrites of many neurons, with blood vessels and connective tissue

45
Q

What are sensory nerves?

A

are made only of sensory neurons

ex: optic nerves-vision
olfactory nerves-smell

46
Q

What are motor nerves?

A

made only of motor neurons

autonomic neurons are motor nerves

47
Q

What is a mixed nerve?

A

contains both sensory and motor neurons

Ex: peripheral nerves

48
Q

What is a nerve tract?

A

groups of neurons within the CNS

aka white matter

49
Q

What is the function of the spinal cord?

A

transmits impulses to and from the brain, and integrates the spinal cord reflexes

50
Q

Location of the spinal cord?

A

within the vertebral canal

extends from the foramen magnum to the disc between the 1st and 2nd lumber vertebra

51
Q

What is the H- shaped gray matter of the spinal cord?

A

contains cell bodies of motor neurons and interneurons

52
Q

What is the external white matter of the spinal cord?

A

myelinated axons and dendrites of interneurons

53
Q

What do the ascending tracts do?

A

carry sensory impulses to the brain

54
Q

What do the descending tracts do?

A

carry motor impulses away from the brain

55
Q

What is within the central canal?

A

cerebrospinal fluid and is continuous with the ventricles of the brain

56
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves?

A

31 pairs
8 cervical pairs
12 thoracic pairs
5 lumbar pairs
5 sacral pairs
1 small coccygeal pair

57
Q

What is the cauda equina?

A

the lumbar and sacral nerves that extend below the end of the spinal cord

58
Q

What does each spinal nerve have?

A

two roots: neurons entering or leaving the spinal cord

59
Q

What is the dorsal root?

A

is made of sensory neurons that carry impulses into the spinal cord

60
Q

What is the dorsal root ganglion?

A

an enlarged part of the dorsal root that contains the cell bodies of the sensory neurons

61
Q

What is the ventral root?

A

the motor root

made of the axons of motor neurons carrying impulses from the spinal cord to muscles or glands

62
Q

What is a reflex?

A

involuntary response to a stimulus, automatic action

63
Q

What is the reflex arc?

A

pathway that nerve impulses travel when a reflex is elicited

64
Q

What does the reflex arc consist of?

A

1.Receptors
2.Sensory neurons
3.Central nervous system
4.Motor neurons
5.Effector

65
Q

What is the stretch reflex?

A

a muscle that is stretched will contract

patellar reflex is used clinically to determine whether the nervous system is functioning properly

66
Q

What are flexor reflexes (withdrawal reflexes)

A

a painful stimulus will cause withdrawal of the body part

67
Q

What are the ventricles of the brain?

A

four cavities: two lateral ventricles , the third ventricle, the fourth ventricle

each contains a choroid plexus that forms cerebrospinal fluid

68
Q

What is the function of the medulla?

A

regulates the vital functions of heart rate, breathing, and blood pressure

regulates reflexes of coughing, sneezing, swallowing and vomiting

69
Q

What are within the pons?

A

respiratory centers that work with those in the medulla

70
Q

What is within the midbrain?

A

centers for visual reflexes, auditory reflexes, and righting (equilibrium) reflexes

71
Q

What is the function of the cerebellum?

A

regulates coordination of voluntary movement, muscle tone, stopping movements and equilibrium

contributes to sensations involving texture and weight

72
Q

What are the functions of the hypothalamus?

A

-produces ADH
-produces oxycotin
-produces releasing hormones
-regulated body temp
-regulates food intake
-integrates the functioning of the ANS
-regulates body rhythms

73
Q

What are the functions of the thalamus?

A

-groups sensory impulses as to body part before relaying them to the cerebrum
-awareness of pain but inability to localize
-suppresses unimportant sensations to permit concentration
-contributes to alertness and awareness and to memory

74
Q

What is the the cerebrum?

A

largest part of the brain

consists of two hemispheres separated by the longitudinal fissure

75
Q

what is the corpus callosum?

A

a band of 200 million neurons that connects the right and left hemispheres of the cerebrum

76
Q

What is the cerebral cortex?

A

the surface grey matter of cerebrum which consists of cell bodies of neurons and is folded extensively into convulsions

77
Q

What is the internal white matter of the cerebrum?

A

consists of nerve tracts that connect the lobes of the cerebrum to another and other parts of the brain

78
Q

What is within the frontal lobes?

A

motor areas-initiate voluntary movement

premotor area- regulates sequence of movements for learned skills

prefrontal area- for aspects of social behavior

broca’s motor speech area- regulates the movements involved in speech

79
Q

What is within the parietal lobes?

A

general sensory area- feels and interprets the cutaneous senses and conscious muscle sense

taste area- extends into temporal lobe, for sense of taste

speech areas- (left hemisphere) for thought before speech

80
Q

What is within the temporal lobes?

A

auditory areas- for hearing and interpretation

olfactory areas- for sense of smell and interpretation

speech areas- for thought before speech

81
Q

what is within the occipital lobes?

A

visual areas-for vision

interpretations areas- for spatial relationships

82
Q

what is within the association areas?

A

in all lobes for abstract thinking, reasoning, learning, memory, and personality.

The hipocampi are essential for the formation of memories

neural plasticity- the ability of the brain to adapt to changing needs

83
Q

What is the basal ganglia?

A

small masses of gray matter within the cerebral hemispheres

regulate accessory movements such as gestures and facial expressions as well as muscle tone

84
Q

What are meninges?

A

the connective tissue membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord

three layers

85
Q

What are the three layers of meninges?

A

outermost layer- dura matter; lines the skull an vertebral canal

middle layer- arachnoid membrane web like strands of connective tissue

inner layer- pia matter’ on surface of the spinal cord and brain

86
Q

What is the subarachnoid space?

A

between the arachnoid and pia matter that contains cerebrospinal fluid

87
Q

How is cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) formed?

A

formed continuously in the ventricles of the brain by choroid plexus, from blood plasma

88
Q

How does CSF circulate?

A

from the ventricles to the central canal of the spinal cord and to the cranial and spinal subarachnoid spaces

89
Q

How is CSF reabsorbed?

A

from the cranial subarachnoid space through arachnoid villi into the blood in the cranial venous sinuses

rate of reabsorption equals the rate of production

90
Q

How does CSF contribute to the CNS?

A

as tissue fluid, it brings nutrients to the CNS neurons and remove wastes products.
CSF also acts a shock absorber to cushion the CNS

91
Q

Function of the cranial nerves?

A

concerned with vision, hearing and equilibrium, taste and smell and man other functions within the head and viscera

92
Q

What is the Autonomic nervous system?

A

part of the PNS

consists of motor neurons to visceral effectors

has two divisions sympathetic and parasympathetic

93
Q

What does an ANS pathway consist of?

A

two neurons that synapse in a ganglion

preganglionic neurons- from the CNS to the ganglia

postganglionic neurons- from the ganglia to the effectors

94
Q

Sympathetic division

A

most sympathetic ganglia are in two chains just outside the vertebral column

dominates during stressful situations;responses prepare the body to meet physical demands

95
Q

parasympathetic division

A

parasympathetic ganglia are very near or in the visceral effectors

dominates in relaxed situations to permit normal functioning

96
Q

What is Acetlychloline?

A

the transmitter released by all preganglionic neurons both sympathetic and parasympathetic

inactivator is cholinesterase

97
Q

What do sympathetic postganglionic neurons release?

A

norepinephrine

inactivator is catechol-o-methyl transferase (COMT) or monoamine oxidase (MAO)

A&P (17 decks)

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