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Chapter 11 blood Flashcards

1
Q

Amount of blood in body

A

4-6 liters of blood

38% to 48% composed of cells

52% to 62% is plasma

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2
Q

Color of blood

A

Arterial blood- bright red

Venous blood- dark red

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3
Q

Ph range of blood

A

7.35 to 7.45 slightly alkaline

Venous blood has slightly lower ph than arterial blood

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4
Q

Viscosity of blood

A

3-5 times thicker than water

Viscosity is increased by presence of blood cells and plasma proteins

thickness contributes to normal blood pressure

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5
Q

Plasma

A

Liquid part of blood and is approximately 91% water

contains plasma proteins

carries body heat

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6
Q

Clotting factors of plama

A

Prothrombin and fibrinogen

synthesized by the liver and circulate until activated to form a clot in a ruptured or damaged blood vessel

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7
Q

Albumin

A

most abundant plasma protein, maintains colloid osmotic pressure

pulls tissue fluid into capillaries

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8
Q

Alpha and beta globulins

A

plasma proteins

act as carriers for molecules such as fats

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9
Q

gamma globulins

A

plasma proteins

antibodies produced by lymphocytes

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10
Q

Blood cells

A

produced from stem cells in hemopoietic tissue

2 types:
red bone marrow- sternum, hip bone, and vertebrae

lymphatic tissue-:spleen, lymph nodes and thymus gland

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11
Q

Red blood cells (erythrocytes)

A

only human cells without nuclei

Normal RBC count rages from 4.5 to 6.0 million cells

RBC count for men are higher than women

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12
Q

Hematocrit

A

Measuring the amount of RBCs

normal range 38% to 48%

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13
Q

hemoglobin

A

gives ability to carry oxygen

each red blood cell contains approximately 300 million hemoglobin

normal range 12-18 per 100ml

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14
Q

Embryonic RBC production

A

yolk sac

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15
Q

Fetal organs that produce RBC

A

liver and spleen

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16
Q

Older children and adults RBC production

A

In red bone marrow

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17
Q

Stem cells

A

unspecialized cells within red bone marrow

may also be called hemocytoblasts - constantly undergoing mitosis to produce new cells

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18
Q

Where do RBC pick up oxygen and what do they turn to?

A

pulmonary capillaries (in the lungs) and it turns to oxyhemoglobin

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19
Q

Where do RBCs release the oxygen and what do they turn to?

A

Systemic capillaries , reduced hemoglobin

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20
Q

Hypoxia

A

lack of oxygen

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21
Q

What happens when hypoxia occurs?

A
  1. The kidneys produce a hormone called erythropoietin
  2. This stimulates RBC production (mitosis of stem cells)
  3. As a result more RBC will be available to carry 02 to try and fix the hypoxia state
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22
Q

Normablasts

A

Have a nuclei but disintegrates

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23
Q

Maturation requires

A

Protein and iron- necessary for the synthesis of hemoglobin

Copper- part of some of the enzymes involved in hemoglobin synthesis, though it does not become part of the hemoglobin itself

Folic acid and b12- required for DNA synthesis in the stem cells

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24
Q

Life span of RBCs

A

120 days

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25
Q

After RBC disintegrate

A

The damaged cells are removed from circulation by cells of the tissue macrophage system (liver, spleen, and red bone marrow)

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26
Q

When RBC is phagocytized by macrophages, where do they go?

A

Iron is recycled back to the bone marrow or stored in the liver

Protein (goblin): digested to its amino acids to be used for synthesis of new proteins

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27
Q

Heme

A

waste product that is converted to bilirubin by macrophages

Liver removes bilirubin from circulation and excretes it into bile

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28
Q

If Bilirubin is absorbed in blood

A

the kidneys excrete it via pee

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29
Q

If bilirubin is not excreted properly

A

Causes Jaundice- condition in which the whites of the eyes appear yellow

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30
Q

What are the two important blood groups?

A

ABO group and RH Factor

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31
Q

What does ABO group contain?

A

four blood types: A, B, AB, O

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32
Q

what antigen does a person with type A blood have?

A

A

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33
Q

what antigen does a person with type B blood have?

34
Q

what antigen does a person with type AB blood have?

A

Both A and B Antigens

35
Q

what antigen does a person with type O blood have?

A

Neither A nor B antigens; has no antigens

36
Q

Each person has natural antibodies for those antigens not present on the RBCs

A

Type A has anti-B antibodies

Type B has anti-A antibodies

Type AB has neither anti-A nor anti-B antibodies

Type O person has both anti-A and Anti-B antibodies

37
Q

what do the procedures typing and cross matching of a donor and recipients blood ensure?

A

will not bring about a hemolytic transfusion reaction

38
Q

Which blood type is considered a universal donor?

A

Type O blood

39
Q

what is the Rh factor?

A

another antigen often called D

40
Q

if Rh antigen is absent from a persons RBC, what does that mean?

A

They have a negative blood type

41
Q

what will happen the first time someone who has a negative
blood type is given positive donor blood?

A

Usually will not cause problems

42
Q

what will happen a second time a person who has a negative blood type is given positive donor blood?

A

-antibodies will bring about reaction because antibodies were formed from first exposure because to an Rh negative person, the Rh antigen is foreign

-hemolisys and possible kidney damage

43
Q

White blood cells (Leukocytes)

A

5 kinds of WBCs

Normal WBC count is 5,000 to 10,000

protect the body from infectious disease and to provide immunity

44
Q

Granular WBCs

A

Neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils

usually have nuclei in 2 or more lobes

45
Q

agranular WBCs

A

Lymphocytes and monocytes

have nuclei in 1 piece

46
Q

Neutrophils

A
  1. Most abundant
  2. Come out rapidly during infection
  3. Produce enzyme in lungs to stimulate apoptosis of fungi
47
Q

Eosinophils

A

Detoxify foreign proteins during allergic reactions and parasitic infections, they phagocytize anything labeled with antibodies

48
Q

Basophils

A

Anticoagulant heprine & histamine which make capillaries more permeable during inflammation

49
Q

3 kinds of lymphocytes

A

T cells (T lymphocytes)
B cells (B lymphocytes)
Natural Killer Cells

50
Q

T cells ( T lymphocytes)

A

recognize foreign antigens and destroy them and provide memory- which provides immunity

51
Q

B cells ( B lymphocytes)

A

become plasma cells which produce antibodies to foreign antigens, also proving memory

52
Q

NK cells

A

destroy the cell membrane of the foreign cells

53
Q

Monocytes

A

become macrophages which phagocyte dead tissue

54
Q

leukocytosis

A

A high WBC count- often indiction of infection

55
Q

Leukopenia

A

low blood count- maybe present in diseases such as Tuberculosis

56
Q

Platelets

A

aka thrombocytes

not whole cells but fragments and pieces of cells

normal count 150,000-300,000

57
Q

thrombopoietin

A

a hormone produced by the liver that increases the rate of platelet production

58
Q

3 mechanisms of hemostasis

A
  1. vascular spasm
  2. platelet plug formation
  3. chemical clotting
59
Q

Vascular Spasm

A
  1. Large vessels constrict when damage
  2. Platelets release serotonin which also causes vasoconstriction
  3. The brake in the vessel is made smaller and may be closed with a blood clot
60
Q

Platelet plugs

A
  1. Rupture of a capillary
  2. Creates a rough surface for platelets to stick and form a barrier over the break
61
Q

3 stages of chemical clotting

A

Stage 1: prothrombin activator is formed
Stage 2: prothrombin activator converts prothrombin to thrombin
Stage 3: thrombin spilts fibrinogen to fibrin which forms a mesh over the
injured site

62
Q

Prothrimbin and fibrinogen are synthesized in the

A

Liver and circulate in the blood plasma until activated

63
Q

What is the stimulus for chemical clotting

A

rough surface within the vessel

64
Q

Vitamin needed for prothrombin synthesis

65
Q

Mineral needed for clotting

66
Q

clot retraction

A

after coagulation, platelets contract pulling torn blood vessel together

67
Q

Fibrinolysis

A

breakdown and removal of a clot

68
Q

Abnormal clotting is prevented by

A
  1. Simple epithelium keep it smooth and repels platelets
  2. Anticoagulant is produced by basophils (heparin)
  3. Antithrombin (produced in liver)
    inactivates
69
Q

Anemia

A

deficiency of red blood cells

70
Q

Iron-deficiency anemia

A

lack of dietary iron

71
Q

Pernicious anemia

A

RBCs are large misshapen and fragile

72
Q

Sickle-cell anemia

A

genetic disorder of hemoglobin, causes RBCs to sickle, clog capillaries and rupture

73
Q

Aplastic Anemia

A

suppression of the red bone marrow with decreased production of RBCs, WBCs and platelets

74
Q

Hemolytic anemia

A

any disorder that causes rupture of RBCs

75
Q

Jaundice

A

excessive bilirubin in the blood

76
Q

Red blood cells count

A

4.5-6.0 million/UL

Decrease: Anemia
Increase:Polycythemia

77
Q

Hemoglobin count

A

12-18 grams/100mL

Decrease: Iron deficiency, other anemias
Increase:polycythemia

78
Q

Hematocrit count

A

38%-48%

Decrease: Anemia
Increase: Polycythemia, heaving smoking

79
Q

White blood cells count

A

5000-10,000/uL

Decrease:Leukopenia
Increase:leukocytosis

80
Q

Platelets count

A

150,000-300,000/UL

Decrease: thrombocytopenia that may be idiopathic or accompany aplastic anemia

Increase: not considered a clinical condition, but may follow removal of the spleen

A&P (17 decks)

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