chapter 2 Flashcards
Hydrogen symbol
H
Carbon symbol
c
Nitrogen symbol
N
oxygen symbol
O
Fluorine symbol
F
Sodium Symbol
Na
Magnesium symbol
mg
Phosphorus symbol
P
Sulfur Symbol
S
Chlorine Symbol
Cl
Potassium Symbol
K
Calcium Symbol
Ca
Manganese symbol
Mn
Iron Symbol
Fe
Cobalt symbol
Co
Copper symbol
Cu
Zinc symbol
Zn
Iodine symbol
I
Element
Substance made up of only one type of atom
Atom
smallest part of an element
Proton
positive electrical charge
found in the nucleus
Neutron
has no charge-electrically neutral
found in the nucleus
Electron
Has a negative charge
Found outside the nucleus
Ionic Bond
Involves the loss of one or more electrons by one atom and the gain of the electrons by another atom
Ex:Na +Cl =NaCl
Ions with positive charges
Cations
Ions with Negative charges are called
Anions
Covalent bonds
Involve the sharing of electrons between atoms
Ex: O + O= 02
O+ h+h=H20
disulfide bond
covalent bond formed between two atoms of sulfur, usually with the same large protein molecule
hydrogen bond
does not involve the sharing or exchanging electrons but results form a property of hydrogen atoms
makes water adhesive
Cohesion
the tendency of similar molecules to “stick to” one another
Adhesion
the tendency of unlike molecules to be attracted to one another
Synthesis reaction
bonds are formed to join two or more atoms or molecules to make a new compound
Decomposition reaction
bonds are broken and a large molecule is changed to two or more smaller ones
Properties of water
Water makes up 55% to 70%
Water is a substance-Many substances can dissolve in water
Water is a lubricant- which prevents friction where faces meet and move
Water changes in temperature slowly-has high heat capacity
Water Compartments
Intracellular fluid (ICF) The water within cells-about 65% of the total body water
Extracellular fluid (ECF)- rest of the water in the body, 35% total
•Plasma-water found in blood vessels
•Lymphatic-Water found in lymphatic vessels
Tissue fluid or interstitial fluid-Water found in the small spaces between cells
Specialized fluids- Synovial fluid in joints, cerebrospinal fluid around the brain and spinal cord, aqueous humor in the eye
Oxygen
Essential for a process called cell respiration, in which cells break down simple nutrients such as glucose in order to release energy
Carbon dioxide
is produced by cells as a waste product
Cell respiration
the name for energy production within cells and involves both respiratory gases, oxygen and carbon dioxide
glucose and oxygen combined to yield Carbon dioxide, water, atp and heat
Trace elements
those needed by the body in very small amounts. When present in food we often call them minerals
Calcium
provides strength in bones
necessary for blood clotting
necessary for muscle contraction
Phosphorus
Provides strength in bones and teeth
Part of DNA, RNA and ATP
Part of cell membranes in phospholipids
Iron
Part of Hemoglobin in red blood cells;transports oxygen
part of myoglobin in muscles;stores oxygen
Part of mitochondria in cells; necessary for cell respiration
Copper
Part of mitochondria in cells;necessary for cell respiration
Necessary for hemoglobin Synthesis
Magnesium
Necessary for energy production and bone formation
Sodium and Potassium
Necessary for muscle contraction and nerve impulse transmission
Necessary for proper movement of water (osmosis) among its compartments
Sulfur
Part of some proteins such as insulin, keratin, and antibodies
Cobalt
Part of Vitamin b12
Iodine
Part of thyroid hormones (thyroxine): essential for normal mental and physical development
Buffer Systems
is a chemical or pair of chemicals that minimizes changes in ph by reacting with strong acids or strong bases to transform them into substances that will not drastically change PH
Carbohydrates
serves as sources of energy into cell respiration
Classified as monosaccharides,disaccharides, oligosaccharides and polysaccharides
Monosaccharides (single sugars)
Glucose:Hexose sugar-most important energy source for cells
Fructose and galactose:Hexose sugar-converted to glucose by the liver and then used for energy production
Deoxyribose:Pentose Sugar-Part of DNA, the genetic code
Ribose:Pentose Sugar-Part of RNA, needed for protein synthesis within the cells
Disaccharides(double sugars)
Sucrose, lactose, and maltose: Two Hexose sugars
Present in good; digested to monosaccharides, which are then used for energy production
Oligosaccharides: Few Sugars
3 to 20 monosaccharides
Form self antigens on cell membranes;important to permit the immune system to distinguish “self” from foreign antigens (pathogens)
Produced by cells of the mammary glands; encourage growth of beneficial bacteria in the infants intestinal tract
Polysaccharides (many sugars, thousands)
Starches: Branched chains of glucose- Found in plant foods; digested to monosaccharides and used for energy production
Glycogen: Highly branched chains of glucose molecules-storage form for excess glucose in the liver and skeletal muscles
Cellulose: Straight chains of glucose molecules- part of plant cell walls; provides fiber to promote peristalsis especially by the colon, and to nourish intestinal microbiota
Lipids
contains three elements- Carbon, Hydrogen and oxygen
Includes different types of substances with very different functions
True fats
made up of one molecule of glycerol and one two or three fatty acids
Triglycerides- three fatty acids and a glycerol
diglyceride- two fatty acids and a glycerol
monoglyceride- one fatty acid and a glycerol
Function: Storage form for excess food molecules in subcutaneous tissue
Cushion organs such as the eyes and kidneys
Phospholipids
Diglycerides with a phosphate group bonded to the glycerol molecule
Steroids
Four carbon-hydrogen rings
Function: Part of cell membrane,
converted to Vitamin D in the skin, converted by the liver to bile salts, precursor for the steroid hormones such as estrogen in women or testosterone in men
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
A double helix of nucleotides; adenine
paired with thymine, and guanine paired with cytosine; the two strands of the helix are connected by hydrogen bonds
Function: Found in the chromosomes in the nucleus of a cell
• The sequence of bases is the genetic code for hereditary characteristics
RNA (Ribonucleic acid)
single strand of nucleotides; adenine, guanine, cytosine, and uracil
Function: •Copies the genetic code of DNA to direct protein synthesis in the cytoplasm of cells
• Contributes to the assembly of amino acids into
proteins
ATP( Adenosine triphosphate)
A single adenine nucleotide with three phosphate groups
An energy-transferring molecule
• Formed when cell respiration releases energy from food molecules
• Used for energy-requiring cellular processes
Structural proteins
Form channels, transporters, intercellular junctions, and receptor sites in cell membranes
• Keratin-part of hair, nails, and the epidermis of the skin
• Collagen-part of tendons, ligaments, and the dermis of the skin
Hormones
Insulin-enables cells to take in glucose; lowers blood glucose level
• Growth hormone-increases protein synthesis and cell division
Hemoglobin
Enables red blood cells to carry oxygen
Myoglobin
Stores oxygen in muscles tissues
Antibodies
produced by lymphocytes (white blood cells); label pathogens for destruction
Myosin and actin
Muscle structure and contraction
• Part of the cytoskeleton that gives shape to cells and permits movement
Enzymes
Catalyze reactions: Synthesis, decomposition, energy production, cellular reproduction