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A&P > chapter 2 > Flashcards

chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Hydrogen symbol

A

H

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2
Q

Carbon symbol

A

c

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3
Q

Nitrogen symbol

A

N

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4
Q

oxygen symbol

A

O

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5
Q

Fluorine symbol

A

F

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6
Q

Sodium Symbol

A

Na

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7
Q

Magnesium symbol

A

mg

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8
Q

Phosphorus symbol

A

P

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9
Q

Sulfur Symbol

A

S

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10
Q

Chlorine Symbol

A

Cl

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11
Q

Potassium Symbol

A

K

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12
Q

Calcium Symbol

A

Ca

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13
Q

Manganese symbol

A

Mn

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14
Q

Iron Symbol

A

Fe

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15
Q

Cobalt symbol

A

Co

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16
Q

Copper symbol

A

Cu

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17
Q

Zinc symbol

A

Zn

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18
Q

Iodine symbol

A

I

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19
Q

Element

A

Substance made up of only one type of atom

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20
Q

Atom

A

smallest part of an element

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21
Q

Proton

A

positive electrical charge
found in the nucleus

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22
Q

Neutron

A

has no charge-electrically neutral
found in the nucleus

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23
Q

Electron

A

Has a negative charge
Found outside the nucleus

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24
Q

Ionic Bond

A

Involves the loss of one or more electrons by one atom and the gain of the electrons by another atom

Ex:Na +Cl =NaCl

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25
Q

Ions with positive charges

A

Cations

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26
Q

Ions with Negative charges are called

A

Anions

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27
Q

Covalent bonds

A

Involve the sharing of electrons between atoms
Ex: O + O= 02
O+ h+h=H20

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28
Q

disulfide bond

A

covalent bond formed between two atoms of sulfur, usually with the same large protein molecule

29
Q

hydrogen bond

A

does not involve the sharing or exchanging electrons but results form a property of hydrogen atoms

makes water adhesive

30
Q

Cohesion

A

the tendency of similar molecules to “stick to” one another

31
Q

Adhesion

A

the tendency of unlike molecules to be attracted to one another

32
Q

Synthesis reaction

A

bonds are formed to join two or more atoms or molecules to make a new compound

33
Q

Decomposition reaction

A

bonds are broken and a large molecule is changed to two or more smaller ones

34
Q

Properties of water

A

Water makes up 55% to 70%
Water is a substance-Many substances can dissolve in water

Water is a lubricant- which prevents friction where faces meet and move

Water changes in temperature slowly-has high heat capacity

35
Q

Water Compartments

A

Intracellular fluid (ICF) The water within cells-about 65% of the total body water

Extracellular fluid (ECF)- rest of the water in the body, 35% total
•Plasma-water found in blood vessels
•Lymphatic-Water found in lymphatic vessels

Tissue fluid or interstitial fluid-Water found in the small spaces between cells

Specialized fluids- Synovial fluid in joints, cerebrospinal fluid around the brain and spinal cord, aqueous humor in the eye

36
Q

Oxygen

A

Essential for a process called cell respiration, in which cells break down simple nutrients such as glucose in order to release energy

37
Q

Carbon dioxide

A

is produced by cells as a waste product

38
Q

Cell respiration

A

the name for energy production within cells and involves both respiratory gases, oxygen and carbon dioxide

glucose and oxygen combined to yield Carbon dioxide, water, atp and heat

39
Q

Trace elements

A

those needed by the body in very small amounts. When present in food we often call them minerals

40
Q

Calcium

A

provides strength in bones
necessary for blood clotting
necessary for muscle contraction

41
Q

Phosphorus

A

Provides strength in bones and teeth
Part of DNA, RNA and ATP
Part of cell membranes in phospholipids

42
Q

Iron

A

Part of Hemoglobin in red blood cells;transports oxygen
part of myoglobin in muscles;stores oxygen
Part of mitochondria in cells; necessary for cell respiration

43
Q

Copper

A

Part of mitochondria in cells;necessary for cell respiration
Necessary for hemoglobin Synthesis

44
Q

Magnesium

A

Necessary for energy production and bone formation

45
Q

Sodium and Potassium

A

Necessary for muscle contraction and nerve impulse transmission
Necessary for proper movement of water (osmosis) among its compartments

46
Q

Sulfur

A

Part of some proteins such as insulin, keratin, and antibodies

47
Q

Cobalt

A

Part of Vitamin b12

48
Q

Iodine

A

Part of thyroid hormones (thyroxine): essential for normal mental and physical development

49
Q

Buffer Systems

A

is a chemical or pair of chemicals that minimizes changes in ph by reacting with strong acids or strong bases to transform them into substances that will not drastically change PH

50
Q

Carbohydrates

A

serves as sources of energy into cell respiration

Classified as monosaccharides,disaccharides, oligosaccharides and polysaccharides

51
Q

Monosaccharides (single sugars)

A

Glucose:Hexose sugar-most important energy source for cells

Fructose and galactose:Hexose sugar-converted to glucose by the liver and then used for energy production

Deoxyribose:Pentose Sugar-Part of DNA, the genetic code

Ribose:Pentose Sugar-Part of RNA, needed for protein synthesis within the cells

52
Q

Disaccharides(double sugars)

A

Sucrose, lactose, and maltose: Two Hexose sugars

Present in good; digested to monosaccharides, which are then used for energy production

53
Q

Oligosaccharides: Few Sugars

A

3 to 20 monosaccharides
Form self antigens on cell membranes;important to permit the immune system to distinguish “self” from foreign antigens (pathogens)
Produced by cells of the mammary glands; encourage growth of beneficial bacteria in the infants intestinal tract

54
Q

Polysaccharides (many sugars, thousands)

A

Starches: Branched chains of glucose- Found in plant foods; digested to monosaccharides and used for energy production

Glycogen: Highly branched chains of glucose molecules-storage form for excess glucose in the liver and skeletal muscles

Cellulose: Straight chains of glucose molecules- part of plant cell walls; provides fiber to promote peristalsis especially by the colon, and to nourish intestinal microbiota

55
Q

Lipids

A

contains three elements- Carbon, Hydrogen and oxygen

Includes different types of substances with very different functions

56
Q

True fats

A

made up of one molecule of glycerol and one two or three fatty acids

Triglycerides- three fatty acids and a glycerol

diglyceride- two fatty acids and a glycerol

monoglyceride- one fatty acid and a glycerol

Function: Storage form for excess food molecules in subcutaneous tissue
Cushion organs such as the eyes and kidneys

57
Q

Phospholipids

A

Diglycerides with a phosphate group bonded to the glycerol molecule

58
Q

Steroids

A

Four carbon-hydrogen rings

Function: Part of cell membrane,
converted to Vitamin D in the skin, converted by the liver to bile salts, precursor for the steroid hormones such as estrogen in women or testosterone in men

59
Q

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

A

A double helix of nucleotides; adenine
paired with thymine, and guanine paired with cytosine; the two strands of the helix are connected by hydrogen bonds

Function: Found in the chromosomes in the nucleus of a cell
• The sequence of bases is the genetic code for hereditary characteristics

60
Q

RNA (Ribonucleic acid)

A

single strand of nucleotides; adenine, guanine, cytosine, and uracil

Function: •Copies the genetic code of DNA to direct protein synthesis in the cytoplasm of cells
• Contributes to the assembly of amino acids into
proteins

61
Q

ATP( Adenosine triphosphate)

A

A single adenine nucleotide with three phosphate groups

An energy-transferring molecule
• Formed when cell respiration releases energy from food molecules
• Used for energy-requiring cellular processes

62
Q

Structural proteins

A

Form channels, transporters, intercellular junctions, and receptor sites in cell membranes
• Keratin-part of hair, nails, and the epidermis of the skin
• Collagen-part of tendons, ligaments, and the dermis of the skin

63
Q

Hormones

A

Insulin-enables cells to take in glucose; lowers blood glucose level
• Growth hormone-increases protein synthesis and cell division

64
Q

Hemoglobin

A

Enables red blood cells to carry oxygen

65
Q

Myoglobin

A

Stores oxygen in muscles tissues

66
Q

Antibodies

A

produced by lymphocytes (white blood cells); label pathogens for destruction

67
Q

Myosin and actin

A

Muscle structure and contraction
• Part of the cytoskeleton that gives shape to cells and permits movement

68
Q

Enzymes

A

Catalyze reactions: Synthesis, decomposition, energy production, cellular reproduction

A&P (17 decks)

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