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A&P > chapter 4 > Flashcards

chapter 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Tissue

A

A group of cells with similar structure and function is called a tissue

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2
Q

Epithelial tissues

A

found on surfaces as either coverings (outer surfaces) or linings (inner surfaces)

capable of secretion and may be called glandular epithelium or glands

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3
Q

Shape of squamous cells

A

flat cells

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4
Q

Shape of cuboidal cell

A

cubed shape

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5
Q

shape of columnar cells

A

tall and narrow cells

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6
Q

Simple cells

A

singe layer of cells

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7
Q

stratified cells

A

many layers of cells

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8
Q

simple squamous epithelium

A

single layer of flat cells

very thin and very smooth

Ex: Alveoli of the lungs- thin to permit diffusion of gases
Capillaries- thin to permit changes of materials; smooth to prevent abnormal blood clotting

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9
Q

Stratified squamous epithelium

A

many layers of cells; surface cells are flat; lower cells rounded; lowest layer undergoes mitosis

Barrier to microorganisms

Ex: Epidermis- surface cells are dead; excellent barrier to pathogens
Lining of esophagus, vagina, oral cavity- surface cells are living; a good barrier to pathogens

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10
Q

Transitional Epithelium

A

many layers of cells; surface cells change from rounded to flat

Ex:Lining of urinary bladder- permits expansion without tearing the lining

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11
Q

Simple cuboidal epithelium

A

single layer of cube-shaped cells

Function is secretion

Ex:Thyroid gland-Secretes thyroxine
Salivary glands-Secretes saliva
Kidney Tubules- permit reabsorption of useful materials back to the blood

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12
Q

Simple columnar epithelium

A

one layer of column-shaped cells

Goblet cells

Ex:Lining of stomach-Secretes gastric juice
Lining of small intestine-Secretes enzymes and absorbs end products of digestion (microvilli present)

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13
Q

Ciliated epithelium

A

one layer of columnar cells with motile cilia on their free surfaces

Ex:Lining of trachea-sweeps mucus and dust to the pharynx
Lining of fallopian tube-sweeps ovum toward uterus

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14
Q

Glands

A

cells or organs that secret something

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15
Q

Unicellular glands

A

One cell

Ex: Goblet cells-secret mucus

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16
Q

Multicellular glands

A

Dividing into two major groups: exocrine glands and endocrine glands

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17
Q

Exocrine glands

A

Have ducts (tubes) to take the secretion away from the gland to the site of its function

Ex: Salivary glands, for example, secret saliva that is carried by ducts to the oral cavity

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18
Q

Endocrine glands

A

Are ductless glands.

The secretions of endocrine glands are hormones, which enter capillaries and are circulated throughout the body.

Ex: thyroid gland, adrenal gland, pituitary gland

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19
Q

Both exocrine and endocrine gland

A

The pancreas.

Exocrine portion secretes digestive enzymes

endocrine portion secrete the hormones insulin and glucagon directly into the blood

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20
Q

Connective tissues

A

Hold things together

The matrix is a structural network or solution of non living intercellular material

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21
Q

Blood

A

Plasma (matrix) and red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets

Within blood vessels
Plasma-transports materials
RBCs-carry oxygen
WBCs- destroy pathogens
Platelets-prevent blood loss

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22
Q

Aerolar

A

made of fibroblasts
Contains mast cells

connects skin to muscles

wbc’s destroy pathogens

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23
Q

Adipose

A

Adipocytes that store fat (little matrix)

Stores energy and provides cushioning (white fat)

Brown fat generates heat

24
Q

Fibrous

A

mostly collagen fibers (matrix) with few fibroblasts

Gives strength, yet flexible
Found in inner layer of skin, outer walls of arteries, and tendons/ligaments
Poor blood supply, makes repair a slow process

25
Q

Elastic

A

more elastin, less fibroblasts
provides elasticity and stretch

found in walls of larger arteries-helps maintain blood pressure
around alveoli lungs- promotes normal exhalation

26
Q

Bone

A

Osteocytes in a matrix of calcium, salts and collagen

Bones support the body and attach muscles

27
Q

Cartilage

A

chondrocytes flexible protein matrix
helps prevent friction, absorbs shock and permits movement

within the wall of the trachea
on joint surfaces of bones
tip of nose and outer ear
between vertebrae

28
Q

Muscle tissue

A

specialized for contractions

Contains skeletal muscle, smooth muscle and cardiac muscle

29
Q

Skeletal Muscle

A

Large cylindrical cells with striations and several nuclei each.

Attached to bones
•moves the skeleton and produces heat

Essential to cause contraction (voluntary)

30
Q

Smooth muscle

A

small tapered cells with no striations and one nucleus each

Within walls of arteries
•maintains blood pressure
Within the walls of stomach and intestines
•peristalsis (helps propel food through digestive tract)
Iris of the eye
•regulates size of pupil

Brings about contraction or regulate the rate of contraction (involuntary)

31
Q

Cardiac Muscle

A

Branched cells with faint striations and one nucleus

Forms the walls of the chambers of the heart
*pumps blood

Regulate only the rate of contraction (involuntary)

32
Q

Nerve tissue

A

consists of nerve cells called neurons and some specialized cells found only in the nervous system.

33
Q

Central Nervous System (CNS)

A

The brain and spinal cord

Made of neurons and neuroglia

34
Q

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

A

Consist of all the nerves that emerge from CNS and supply the rest of the body

Made of neurons and Schwann cells

35
Q

Neuron (nerve cell)

A

Consist of a cell body, axon and dendrites

36
Q

Cell body of neuron

A

Contains the nucleus

Regulates the functioning of the neuron

37
Q

Axon

A

A cellular extension that carries electrical impulses away from the cell body

A neuron only has one Axon

38
Q

Dendrites

A

A cellular extension that carry electrical impulses toward the cell of the body

A neuron may have several or many dendrites

39
Q

Synapse

A

Space between axon of one neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the next neuron

Transmits impulses from one neuron to others by means of chemicals (neurotransmitters)

40
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

Chemicals released by axons

Transmit impulses across synapses

41
Q

Neuroglia

A

Specialized cells in the central nervous system

Form myelin sheaths and other functions

42
Q

Schwann cells

A

Specialized cells in the peripheral nervous system

Dorm the myelin sheaths around neurons

43
Q

Epithelial membranes

A

Two types of Epithelial membranes, serous and mucous

44
Q

Serous membranes

A

Sheets of simple squamous epithelium that line some closed body cavities and cover the organs in these cavities

45
Q

Pleural membranes

A

Serous membranes of the thoracic cavity

Parietal pleura-lines the chest wall
Visceral pleura- covers the lungs

Secrete serous fluid, which prevents friction between them as the lungs expand and recoil during breathing

46
Q

The heart in the the thoracic cacity

A

Parietal pericardium- lines the fibrous pericardium

Visceral pericardium or epicardium- on the surface of the heart muscle

serous fluid is produced to prevents friction as the heart beats

47
Q

Abdominal cavity

A

Peritoneum- serous membrane that lines the cavity

Mesentery- folded over and covers the abdominal organs

Serous fluid prevents friction as the stomach and intestines contract and slide against each other

48
Q

Mucous membranes

A

lines the body tracts (systems) that have openings to the environment.

Respiratory, digestive, reproductive tracts.

The mucus secreted by these membranes keeps the lining of the epithelial wet.

49
Q

Superficial fascia

A

Between the skin and muscles; adipose tissue stores fat; WBCs destroy pathogens that enter breaks in the skin

50
Q

Periosteum

A

Covers each bone; contains blood vessels that enter the bone Anchors tendons from muscles and ligaments from other bones

51
Q

Perichondrium

A

Covers cartilage; contains capillaries, the only blood supply for cartilage

52
Q

Synovial

A

Lines joint cavities; secretes synovial fluid to prevent friction when joints move

53
Q

Deep fascia

A

Covers each skeletal muscle; anchors tendons

54
Q

Meninges

A

Cover the brain and spinal cord (line the cranial and spinal cavities); contain cerebrospinal fluid

55
Q

Fibrous Pericardium

A

Forms a sac around the heart; lined by the serous parietal pericardium

A&P (17 decks)

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