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A&P > Chapter 10 Endocrine System > Flashcards

Chapter 10 Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

Endocrine System

A

glands secrete hormones

Glands are ductless

Hormones exert specific effects on target organs

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2
Q

Amines

A

structural variation of amino acid tyrosine

includes Thyroxine, epinephrine and norepinephrine

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3
Q

Proteins

A

Chain of 50-200 amino acids

includes insulin, growth hormone and calcitonin

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4
Q

Steroids

A

Cholesterol is the precursor

includes cortisol, aldosterone, estrogen, testosterone, and progesterone

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5
Q

Regulation of hormone secretion

A

negative feedback back mechanism- info about hormone effects are fed back to the gland

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6
Q

The pituitary gland

A

two major portions is: posterior pituitary gland and the anterior pituitary gland

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7
Q

What are the hormones in Posterior Pituitary Gland?

A

2 hormones: antidiuretic and oxytocin

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8
Q

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH or vasopressin)

A

Function:
•Increases water reabsorption by the kidney tubules (water returns to the blood)
•decreases sweating
•causes vasoconstriction (in large amounts)

Regulation: Decreased water in content in the body

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9
Q

Oxytocin

A

Functions:
•Promotes contraction of myometrium of uterus (labor)
•promotes release of milk from mammary glands

Regulation:
•Nerve impulses from hypothalamus the result of stretching of cervix or stimulation of nipple
•secretion from placenta at end of gestation-stimulus unknown

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10
Q

What are the hormones of the anterior pituitary gland?

A

Growth hormone
thyroid stimulating hormone
adrenocorticotropic hormone
prolactin
follicle-stimulating hormone
luteinizing hormone

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11
Q

Growth Hormone

A

Function:
•Increases rate for mitosis
•increases amino acid transport into cells
•increases rate of protein synthesis
•increases use of fats for energy

Regulation of secretion:
GHRH (hypothalamus) stimulates secretion
GHIH-somatostatin (hypothalamus) inhibits secretion

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12
Q

Thyroid-stimulating (TSH)

A

Function:
•Increases secretion of thyroxine and T3 by thyroid gland

Regulation of secretion:
TRH (hypothalamus)

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13
Q

Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)

A

Function:
•Increases secretion of cortisol by the adrenal cortex

Regulation of secretion:
CRH (Hypothalamus)

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14
Q

Prolactin

A

Function:
•Stimulates milk production by the mammary glands

Regulation of secretion:
•PRH (hypothalamus) stimulates secretion
•PIH (hypothalamus) inhibits secretion

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15
Q

Follicle-Stimulating hormone (FSH)

A

Function:
In women-
• Initiates growth of ova in ovarian follicles
• Increases secretion of estrogen by follicle cells
In men-
• Initiates sperm production in the testes

Regulation:
•GNRH (hypothalamus) stimulus secretion
•Inhibin (ovaries or testes) inhibits secretion

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16
Q

Luteinizing hormone (LH) (ICSH)

A

Function:
In women-
• Causes ovulation
• Causes the ruptured ovarian follicle to become the corpus luteum
• Increases secretion of progesterone by the corpus luteum
In men-
• Increases secretion of testosterone by the interstitial cells in the testes

Regulation:
•GnRH (hypothalamus)

17
Q

What are the hormones of the thyroid gland?

A

Thyroxine (T4) and (T3), Calcitonin

18
Q

Thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine(T3)

A

Function:
•Increase energy production from all food types
• Increase rate of protein synthesis

Regulation:
TSH

19
Q

Calcitonin

A

Function:

•Decreases the reabsorption of calcium and phosphate from bones to blood

Regulation:
•Hypercalcemia

20
Q

Parathyroid glands

A

two on the back of each lobe of the thyroid gland

Produce parathyroid hormone

21
Q

Parathyroid hormone

A

Function:
• Increases the reabsorption of calcium and phosphate from bone to blood
• Increases absorption of calcium and phosphate by the small intestine
• Increases the reabsorption of calcium and the excretion of phosphate by the kidneys; activates vitamin D

Regulation:
•Hypocalcemia stimulates secretion
•Hypercalcemia inhibits secretion

22
Q

What are the hormones of the pancreas?

A

Glucagon
Insulin
Somatostatin (delta cells)

23
Q

Glucagon (alpha cells)

A

Function:
• Increases conversion of glycogen to glucose in the liver
• Increases the use of fats and excess amino acids for energy

Regulation:
•Hypoglycemia

24
Q

Insulin(Beta cells)

A

Function:
• Increases glucose transport into cells and the use of glucose for energy production
• Increases the conversion of excess glucose to glycogen in the liver and muscles
• Increases amino acid and fatty acid transport into cells, and their use in synthesis reactions

Regulation:
•Hyperglycemia

25
Q

Somatostatin (delta cells)

A

Function:
•Decreases secretion of insulin and glucagon
• Slows absorption of nutrients

Regulation:
•Rising levels of insulin and glucagon

26
Q

Adrenal Glands

A

consists of two parts: inner adrenal medulla, outer adrenal cortex

27
Q

What are the hormones in Adrenal Medulla?

A

Norepinephrine, Epinephrine

28
Q

Norepinephrine

A

Function:
• Causes vasoconstriction in skin, viscera, and skeletal muscles

Regulation:
•Sympathetic impulses from the hypothalamus

29
Q

Epinephrine

A

Function:
• Increases heart rate and force of contraction
• Dilates bronchioles
• Decreases peristalsis
• Increases conversion of glycogen to glucose in the liver
• Causes vasodilation in skeletal muscles
• Causes vasoconstriction in skin and viscera
• Increases use of fats for energy
• Increases the rate of cell respiration

Regulation:
•Sympathetic impulses from the hypothalamus in stressful situations

30
Q

What are the hormones in adrenal cortex?

A

Aldosterone, cortisol

31
Q

Aldosterone

A

Function:
• Increases reabsorption of Na+ ions by the kidneys to the blood
• Increases excretion of K+ ions by the kidneys in urine

Regulation:
•Low blood Na+ level
•low blood volume or blood pressure
•high blood k+ level

32
Q

Cortisol

A

Function:
• Increases use of fats and excess amino acids for energy
• Decreases use of glucose for energy (except for the brain)
• Increases conversion of glucose to glycogen in the liver
• Anti-inflammatory effect: stabilizes lysosomes and blocks the effects of histamine

Regulation:
ACTH (anterior pituitary) during physiological stress

A&P (17 decks)

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