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A&P > chapter 17 fluid and electrolytes > Flashcards

chapter 17 fluid and electrolytes Flashcards

1
Q

two-thirds of the total volume of water, found within individual cells

A

intracellular fluid

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2
Q

remaining third of the total volume of water?

A

extracellular fluid
Includes: tissue fluid, blood plasma and specialized fluids

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3
Q

What are the two ways that water moves?

A

filtration and osmosis

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4
Q

process of filtration in capillaries?

A

plasma is forced out into tissue spaces (another compartment) and then is called tissue fluid

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5
Q

process of osmosis in cells?

A

water will move through cell membranes from the area of greater concentration to the area of lesser concentration.

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6
Q

Where does most of the water that the body requires come from?

A

ingestion of liquids
1600 ml per day

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7
Q

The daily water total from food

A

700 ml per day

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8
Q

what is the last source of water?

A

metabolic water-product of cell respiration
200 ml per day

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9
Q

total intake of water per day?

A

2500 ml or 2.5 liters

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10
Q

Where does most of the water loss from the body come from?

A

urine
1500 ml per day

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11
Q

total output of water?

A

2500 ml per day

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12
Q

How much water is lost in sweat?

A

500 ml per day

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13
Q

how much water is lost in exhaled air (vapor)?

A

300 ml per day

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14
Q

how much water is lost in feces?

A

200 ml per day

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15
Q

What is osmoreceptors?

A

detect changes in the osmolarity of body fluids

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16
Q

What is osmalarity

A

the concentration of dissolved materials present in a fluid

less fluid-higher osmolarity
more fluid- lower osmolarity

dehydration= higher osmolarity in blood

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17
Q

How is the hypothalamus involved in water balance?

A

because of its production of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

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18
Q

What is ADH( Anti-diuretic hormone) and how does it regulate water?

A

from the posterior pituitary gland, it increases the re absorption of water by the kidney tubules

which returns to the blood to preserve volume and urinary output decreases

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19
Q

What is Aldosterone and how does it regulate water?

A

increases the re absorption of Na+ ions by the kidney tubules

water from the renal filtrate follows Na+ ions back to the blood

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20
Q

When is Aldosterone secreted?

A

when the Na+ ion concentration of the blood decreases or whenever there is a significant decrease in blood pressure

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21
Q

What are other factors that contribute to water loss?

A

Excessive sweating, hemorrhage, diarrhea or vomiting, severe burns and fever

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22
Q

What is water intoxication?

A

osmolarity of blood decreases caused by overconsumption of fluids and there is too much water in proportion to electrolytes

side effects: dizziness, abdominal cramps, nausea and lethargy

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23
Q

Which hormone helps excrete the excess water of the kidneys?

A

Atrial natriuretic peptide

which is secreted by the atria when blood volume or blood pressure increases

24
Q

How does ANP contribute to water regulation?

A

it decreases the re absorption of Na+ ions by the kidneys

which increases urinary output of sodium and water

also ADH will diminish during this process

25
Q

What are electrolytes?

A

chemicals thar dissolve in water and dissociate into their positive and negative ions

26
Q

What are your positive ions (cations)?

A

Na+ (sodium)
K+ (potassium)
ca2+ (calcium)
mg2+(magnesium)
fe2+ (Iron)
h+ (hydrogen)

27
Q

What are your negative ions (anions)?

A

Cl- (chloride)
HCO3- (bicarbonate)
SO4 (sulfate)
HPO4 (phosphate)

and protein anions

28
Q

How does Aldosterone regulate the concentration of electrolytes?

A

increases the reabsorption of Na+ ions and the excretions of k+ ions by the kidneys

29
Q

How does ANP regulate the concentration of electrolytes?

A

increases the excretion of na+ ions by the kidneys and lowers the blood sodium level

30
Q

which hormones regulate the blood levels of calcium and phosphate?

A

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) and calcitonin

PTH increases reabsorption of these calcium and phosphate from bones to blood and by small intestine

calcitonin promotes the removal of calcium and phosphate from the blood to the bones

31
Q

What is the most abundant cation and anion in ECF?

A

sodium (na+) cation
Chloride (Cl-) anion

32
Q

what is the most abundant cation and anion in ICF?

A

K+ (potassium) cation
HPO4 (phosphate) anion

33
Q

Sodium (na+)

A

creates much of the osmotic pressure of ECF

essential for electrical activity of neurons and muscle cells

34
Q

Potassium (K+)

A

creates most of osmotic pressure in ICF

essential for electrical activity of neurons and muscle cells

35
Q

Calcium (Ca+2)

A

98% found in bones and teeth

maintains excitability of neurons and muscle cells

essential for blood clotting

36
Q

Magnesium (mg+2)

A

50% found in bone

more abundant in ICF than in ECF

essential for ATP production and activity of neurons and muscle cells

37
Q

Chloride (Cl-)

A

Diffuses easily in and out of cells

helps regulate osmotic pressure

Part of HCl in gastric juice

38
Q

Bicarbonate (HCO3)

A

part of the bicarbonate buffer system

39
Q

Phosphate (HPO4 -2)

A

85% found in bones and teeth

primarily an ICF anion

part of dna, rna, atp phospholipids

part of phosphate buffer system

40
Q

Sulfate (so4 -2)

A

part of some amino acids and proteins

41
Q

Normal ph of blood?

A

7.35-7.45

42
Q

intracellular fluid ph

A

6.8-7.0

43
Q

What is a buffer system?

A

is to prevent drastic changes in PH of body fluids by chemically reacting with strong acids or bases that would change the PH

consist of a weak acid and a weak base

44
Q

Bicarbonate buffer system

A

most important buffer system to keep blood ph from changing

two components = carbonic acid (weak acid) and sodium bicarbonate (weak base)

strong acid reacts with sodium bicarbonate to produce salt and a weak acid

strong base reacts with carbonic acid to produce water and a weak base

important in both the blood and tissue fluid

45
Q

Phosphate buffer system

A

2 components= sodium dihydrogen phosphate (weak acid) and sodium monohydrogen phosphate (weak base)

same as bicarbonate except phosphate is used

important in the regulation of the ph of blood by the kidneys

46
Q

protein buffer system

A

Most important one for intracellular fluids

carboxyl group may act as an acid because it can donate a hydrogen ion

amine group may act as a base because it can pick up hydrogen ion

47
Q

how does the respiratory system affect PH?

A

it regulates the amount of CO2 present in body fluids

48
Q

What is respiratory acidosis?

A

decrease rate or efficiency of respiration

ex:Asthma, emphysema, pneumonia, paralysis of respiratory muscles

compensation: kidneys excrete H+ ions and reabsorb Na+ ions and HCO3 - ions

49
Q

What is respiratory alkalosis?

A

increased rate of respiration

ex: anxiety, high altitude

compensation: Kidneys retain h+ ions and excrete na+ ions and HCO3- ions

50
Q

what is metabolic acidosis?

A

caused by kidney disease, ketosis, diarrhea or vomiting

compensation: increased respiration to exhale CO2 to decrease H+ ions formation to raise PH to normal range

51
Q

What is metabolic Alkalosis?

A

caused by over ingestion of bicarbonate medications, gastric suctioning

compensation: decreases respirations to retain CO2 which increases formation of H+ ions to lower PH to normal range

52
Q

How do kidneys help regulate the Ph of extracellular fluid?

A

excreting or conserving H+ ions and by reabsorbing (or not) Na+ ions and HCO3 - ions

53
Q

Why are the renal mechanisms important?

A

Kidneys have the greatest capacity to buffer an ongoing Ph change

takes longer to get working than respiratory compensation but lasts longer than respiratory mechanisms

54
Q

What are the effects of Acidosis?

A

detrimental to the central nervous system, causing confusion, disorientation and coma

55
Q

What are the effects of alkalosis?

A

affects both the CNS and PNS causing irritability and muscle twitches, which can lead to severe muscle spams and convulsions

A&P (17 decks)

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