Chapter 8 The Digestive System Flashcards
Begins preparation of food for digestion
mouth
Transports food from the mouth to the esophagus
Pharynx
Transports food from the pharynx to the stomach
Esophagus
Breaks down food and mixes it with gastric juices
Stomach
Mixes chyme coming from the stomach with digestive juices to complete the digestion and absorption of most nutrients
Small Intestine
Absorbs excess water and prepares solid waste for elimination
Large Intestine
Controls the excretion of solid waste
Rectum and Anus
Secretes bile and enzymes to aid in the digestion of fats
Liver
Stores bile and releases it into the small intestine as needed
Gallbladder
Secretes digestive juices and enzymes into the small intestine as needed
Pancreas
or/o, stomat/o
mouth
pharyng/o
pharynx
esophag/o
esophagus
gastr/o
stomach
enter/o
small intestine
col/o, colon/o
large intestine
an/o, proct/o, rect/o
rectum, anus
hepat/o
liver
cholecyst/o
gallbladder
pancreat/o
pancreas
an/o
anus, ring
chol/e
bile, gall
cholecyst/o
gallbladder
col/o, colon/o
colon, large intestine
-emesis
vomiting
enter/o
small intestine
esophag/o
esophagus
gastr/o
stomach, belly
hepat/o
liver
-lithiasis
presence of stones
-pepsia
digest, digestion
-phagia
eating, swallowing
proct/o
anus and rectum
rect/o
rectum, straight
sigmoid/o
sigmoid colon
Upper GI tract
mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach
Lower GI tract
Small and large intestines and rectum and anus
Accessory Organs of the digestive system
liver, gallbladder, pancreas
The (6-7) structures of the oral cavity (aka MOUTH)
Lips, hard and soft palates, salivary glands, tongue, teeth, and periodontium
The roof of the mouth
palate
3 parts of the palate
hard palate, soft palate, uvula
Anterior portion of palate
hard palate
rugae
irregular ridges or folds in the hard palate mucous membrane
posterior portion of palate that closes the nasal passage during swallowing
soft palate
The upper surface of the tongue
dorsum
Small bumps on dorsum that contain taste buds
papillae
Under the tongue highly vascular surface
sublingual surface
Band of tissue that attaches the tongue to the floor of the mouth
lingual frenum
Periodontium
describes the structures that surround, support, and are attached to the teeth
peri-
surrounding
odonti
teeth
-um
noun ending
aka gums or masticatory mucosa
gingiva
An area of space between a tooth and the surrounding gingiva
sulcus
3 structures of the dental arches
maxillary arch, mandibular arch, temporomandibular joint
maxillary arch
upper jaw (does not move)
mandibular arch
lower jaw (movable)
temporomandibular joint
(TMJ) formed at the back of the mouth where the maxillary and mandibular arches come together
Another name for teeth
dentition
4 types of teeth
Incisors and canines (cuspids), premolars and molars (bicuspids)
Baby teeth
the primary dentition or deciduous dentition
Any contact between the chewing surfaces or the upper and lower teeth
occlusion
Hardest substance in the body
enamel
The portion of the tooth that is visible in the mouth
crown
Hold the tooth securely in place within the dental arch
roots
Part of the tooth where the crown and root meet
cervix
Portion of the tooth that makes up the bulk of it the is above the gum line and underneath the enamel
dentin
Area of tooth within the crown and roots surrounded by dentin and protects the pulp
pulp cavity
Space in the roots of the tooth that contain pulp
root canal
Consists of a rich supply of blood vessels and nerves that provide nutrients and innervation and to the tooth
pulp
Colorless liquid that maintains the moisture in the mouth and contains amylase, the first step in digestions
amylase
3 salivary glands
parotid, sublingual, submandibular glands
The common passageway for both respiration and digestion
the pharynx (throat)
Deglutition
swallowing
Lid-like structure that closes off the entrance to the trachea to prevent food and liquids from moving from the pharynx during swallowing
epiglottis
The muscular tube through which ingested food passes from the pharynx to the stomach
esophagus
A muscular ring between the esophagus and stomach that when relaxed allows food to enter the stomach and then closes to prevent regurgitation
lower esophageal sphincter aka cardiac sphincter
3 parts of the stomach
fundus (upper, rounded part), body (main portion), antrum (lower part)
Folds in the mucosa lining of the stomach that allow the stomach to increase and decrease in size that contain gastric juice producing glands
Rugae
Made up of enzymes and HCL that aid in the beginning of food digestion
gastric juices
The ring-like muscle at the base of the stomach that controls the flow of partially digested food from the stomach to the duodenum of the small intestine
pyloric sphincter
The narrow passage that connects the stomach with the small intestine
pylorus
The small intestine extends from the ______ to the first part of the ______.
pyloric sphincter; large intestine
3 sections of the SI (in order)
duodenum, jejunum, ileum
The large intestine extends from the end of the _____ to the ____.
Small intestine; anus
4 parts of the large intestine
cecum, colon, rectum, anus
Pouch that lies on the right side of the abdomen that extends from the end of the ileum to the begining of the colon
cecum
ring-like muscle that controls the flow from the ileum of the SI into the cecum of the LI
ileocecal sphincter
__________ hangs from the end of the cecum.
Vermiform appendix (vermiform=worm-like shape)
4 parts of the colon
ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon
Widest division of the LI
rectum
Lower opening of the digestive tract
anus
Refers to the anus and rectum as a single unit
anorectal
The flow of waste through the anus is controlled by the _____ and the _____.
internal anal sphincter; external anal sphincter
The largest organ in the body that has several important functions r/t removing toxins from the blood and turning food into the fuels and nutrients the body needs.
the liver
Hepatic
pertaining to the liver
Glycogen
a form of glucose that is stored by the liver and muscles and is converted back to glucose if the body needs it
A pigment excreted in bile giving it a yellow to green color
bilirubin
Digestive juice secreted by the liver that is necessary for the digestion of fat & is stored in the gallbladder
Bile
Provides the channels through which bile is transported from the liver to the small intestine
the biliary tree
The trunk of the biliary tree; how bile travels from liver to GB
common hepatic duct
Where bile enters and exits the GB
cystic duct
The common bile duct joins the _____ and together they enter the duodenum of the SI
pancreatic duct
Pear-shaped organ about the size of an egg located under the liver that stores and concentrates bile for later use
gallbladder
cholecystic
pertaining to the gallbladder
Gland located behind the stomach that has important roles in both the digestive and endocrine systems.
pancreas
Digestion
the process by which complex foods are broken down into nutrients in a form the body can use
Responsible for the chemical changes that break foods down into nutrients
digestive enzymes
Macronutrients
carbohydrates, fats, proteins
micronutrients
vitamins and minerals
Includes all of the processes involved in the body’s use of nutrients
metabolism
metabol
change
-ism
condition
The building up of body cells and substances from nutrients
anabolism
the breaking down of body cells or substances
catabolism
The process by which completely digested nutrients are transported to the cells throughout the body
absorption
Finger-like projections in the SI that contain blood vessels and lacteals
villi
Mastication
chewing
bolus
mass of food that has been chewed and is ready to be swallowed
A series of wave-like contractions of the smooth muscles of the esophagus that moves the food down
peristalsis
The semifluid mass of partly digested food that passes out of the stomach, through the pyloric sphincter, and into the SI
chyme
The action of the duodenum where bile breaks apart large fat globules so that enzymes in the pancreatic juices can digest the fats
emulsification
Solid body waste
feces
Bowel movement
defecation
Gut microflora
the billions of normal bacteria present in the LI to protect against infection and help maintain the immune system
Borborygmus
the rumbling noise cause by the movement of gas in the intestine
The passage of gas out of the body through the rectum
flatulence (aka flatus)
Branch of medicine concerned with the prevention and control of obesity and associated diseases
bariatrics
Doctor of teeth and tissues of the oral cavity
dentist
physician who specializes in d/os of stomach and intestines
gastroenterologist
Surgeon who specializes in surgery of the face and jaws
oral or maxillofacial surgeon
dental specialist who prevents or corrects malocclusion of the teeth
orthodontist
orth
straight or normal
odont
teeth
a dental specialist who prevents or treats d/os of the tissues surrounding teeth
periodontist
physician who specializes in disorders of the colon, rectum, an anus
proctologist
Aphthous ulcers
canker sores or mouth ulcers- gray-white pits with red border in the soft tissues lining the mouth
An open lesion of the skin or mucous membrane resulting in tissue loss around the edges
ulcer
Cheilosis
d/o of the lips with crack-like sores at the corners of the mouth
cheil
lips
Blister-like sores on the lips and adjacent facial tissue that are caused by the oral herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1)
Herpes labialis (aka cold sores or fever blisters)
An abnormal white, usually benign lesion/sore that develops on the tongue or inside of cheek as a response to irritation
Leukoplakia
-plakia
plaque
An inflammation of the mucosa of the mouth
stomatitits
Any dz of the mouth d/t a fungus
Stomatomycosis
myc
fungus
Type of stomatomycosis d/t Candida albicans growth usually in people with weakened immune sxs
oral thrush
Any restriction to the opening of the mouth caused by trauma, surgery, or radiation d/t oral ca
trismus
lack of adequate saliva d/t diminished secretions by the salivary glands
xerostomia (dry mouth)
xer/o
dry
Birth defect w/deep groove of lip
cleft lip (harelip)
Failure of palate to close during the early development of fetus
cleft palate
Bruxism
grinding or clenching of teeth
Infectious dz caused by bacteria that destroy the enamel and dentin of the tooth
dental caries (aka tooth decay or a cavity)
Soft deposits in sheltered areas near the gums and b/w the teeth consisting of bacteria and causes dental caries and periodontal dz
dental plaque
without teeth
edentulous
bad breath
halitosis
Any deviation from the normal positioning of the upper teeth against the lower teeth
malocclusion
inflammation of the tissues that surround and support the teeth
periodontal dz (or periodontitis)
Dental plaque that has calcified
dental calculus (aka tartar)
Earlies stage of periodontal dz that only affects the gums
gingivitis
gingiv
gums
Caused by the abnormal growth of bacteria in the mouth with severe death of gum tissue
Acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis (ANUG)
Dyshagia
difficulty swallowing
A chronic immune system dz in which a type of wbc called on eosinophil builds up in the esophagus, usually as a result of an allergy to certain foods
Eosinophilic esophagitis
The upward flow of acid from the stomach into the esphagus
GERD- gastroesophageal reflux dz
A condition that occurs when the cells in the epithelial tissue of the esphagus are damaged by chronic acid exposure
Barrett’s esophagus
An abnormal narrowing of a bodily passage
stricture
the burning sensation caused by the return of acidic stomach contents into the esophagus
Pyrosis (aka heartburn)
Enlarged and swollen veins at the lower end of the esophagus with bleeding if they rupture
esophageal varices
An anatomical abnormality in which a portion of the stomach protrudes upward into the chest through an opening in the diaphragm
hiatal hernia
hiat
opening
An inflammation of the stomach lining that is often caused by the bacterium Helicobacter pylori
Gastritis
an inflammation of the mucous membrane lining the stomach and intestines
gastroenteritis
a condition in which the muscles in the stomach slow down and work poorly or not at all, preventing the stomach form emptying normally
gastroparesis
-paresis
partial paralysis
Sores that affect the mucous membranes of the digestive sx
peptic ulcers
pept
digestion
The loss of appetite for food
anorexia
a condition of physical wasting away due to the loss of weight and muscle
cachexia
a condition in which fluid loss exceeds fluid intake
dehydration
a lack of proper food or nutrients
malnutrition
a condition in which the small intestine cannot absorb nutrients from food
malabsorption
an excessive accumulation of fat in the body
obesity
the condition of weighing 2x or more of ibw or bmi over 40
morbid obesity
body wt adjust for ht
body mass index (BMI)
Aerophagia
the excessive swallowing of air while eating or drinking
dyspepsia
indigestion/pain or discomfort in digestion
Emesis
vomiting
Eructation
the act of belching or raising gas orally from the stomach
Hematemesis
vomiting of blood
Hyperemesis
extreme, persistent vomiting that can cause dehydration
Nausea
the urge to vomit
regurgitation
the return of swallowed food into the mouth
A hereditary autoimmune d/o characterized by a severe rx to gluten
Celiac dz
Colon ca
colorectal carcinoma
A mushroom-like growth from the surface of a mucous membrane
polyp
A small pouch or sac found in the lining or wall of a tubular organ such as the colon
diverticulum
diverticulosis
the chronic presence of an abnormal number of diverticulum in the colon
Diverticulitis
inflammation or infection of one or more diverticulum in the colon
An inflammation of the small intestine caused by eating or drinking substances contaminated with viral or bacterial pathogens
enteritis
Occurs when part of the large intestine is partially or completely deprived of blood which can lead to inflammation and damage to affected area
ischemic colitis
the partial of complete blockage of the small or large intestine
ileus
A common condition of unknown cause with sxs that can include intermittent cramping and abdominal pain accompanied by constipation or diarrhea
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
The general name for diseases that cause inflammation and swelling in the intestines
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)
2 most common IBDs
Ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease
A chronic condition of unknown cause in which repeated episodes of inflammation of the innermost lining of the rectum and large intestine cause ulcers and irritation
Ulcerative colitis
A chronic autoimmune d/o that is most often found in the ileum and colon that penetrates every layer of tissue of the affected area
Crohn’s dz
Intestinal obstruction
the partial or complete blockage of the SI or LI caused by a physical obstruction
Volvulus
the twisting of the intestine on itself, causing an obstruction
The telescoping of one part of the SI into the opening of an immediately adjacent part
intussusception
The protrusion of a small loop of bowel through a weak place in the lower abdominal wall or groin
inguinal hernia
Occurs when a portion of the intestine is constricted inside the hernia, causing ischemia (insufficient O2)
strangulated hernia
A bacterial infection common to inpatient older adults following the use of antibiotics
Clostridium difficile
A bacterial infection that occurs most frequently in tropical countries where it is spread through food or water contaminated by human feces
Dysentery
E.coli
food borne
Transmitted by feces, either by direct contact with animals, or by eating contaminated raw or undercooked meats and eggs or unpasteurized milk and cheese products
Salmonellosis
Crack-like sore in the skin of the anus
anal fissure
The inability to control the excretion of feces
bowel incontinence
Occurs when a cluster of veins, muscles, and tissues slip near or through the anal opening
hemorrhoids
A bulging of the front wall of the rectum into the vagina usually as the result of childbirth or pregnancy
rectocele
The presence of bright red blood in the stool
hematochezia
Melena
the passage of black, tarry, foul-smelling stools
The presence of excess fat in the stool
steatorrhea
An abnormal accumulation of serous fluid in the peritoneal cavity
ascites
The abnormal enlargement of the liver
hepatomegaly
a yellow discoloration of the skin, mucous membranes, and eyes caused by high amounts of bilirubin in the blood
jaundice
an inflammation of the liver usually caused by a viral infection
Hepatitis
A chronic degenerative dz of liver characterized by fat filled scarring and caused by etoh or viral hep b or c
cirrhosis
The accumulation of fat in the liver of people who don’t drink
nonalcoholic fatty liver dz (NAFLD)
Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis
more serious form of NAFLD that consists of fatty accumulation plus liver damaging inflammation that could lead to cirrhosis
An acute inflammation of the bile duct caused by a baterial infection
cholangitis
cholang
bile duct
An inflammation of the GB usually assoicated with gallstones blocking the flow of bile
Cholecystitis
A hard deposit formed in the GB and bile ducts d/t the concretion of bile deposits
gallstone aka cholelith
the presence of gallstones in the gb or bile ducts
Cholelithiasis
a radiographic procedure that produces a detailed cross-section of the tissue structure w/in the abdomen
Abdominal computed tomography (CT)
A noninvasive test used to visualize internal organs by using very high-frequency sound waves
abdominal ultrasound
a radiographic examination of the bile ducts with the use of a contrast medium
cholangiography
The placement of a solution into the rectum and colon to empty the lower intestine through bowel activity
enema
esophagogastroduodenoscopy
an endoscopic procer that allows direct visualization of the upper GI tract
upper and lower GI series
radiographic studies to examine the digestive system
An instrument used for an endoscopy
endoscope
the visual examination of the anal canal and lower rectum
anoscopy
capsule endoscopy
pill camera
colonoscopy
the direct visual examination of the inner surface of the entire colon from the rectum to the cecum using a colonoscope
sigmoidoscopy
the endoscopic examination of the interior of the rectum, sigmoid colon, and possibly a portion of the descending colon
Hemoccult test
laboratory test for hidden blood in stool
-occult
hidden
chemicals that block free radicals
antioxidants
living microorganisms aka good bacteria
probiotics
nondigestible carbohydrates that probiotics feed on
prebiotics
Neutralize acids in stomach
antacids
decrease the amount of acid produced by the stomach
proton pump inhibitors
anti-nausea med
antiemetic
emet
vomit
meds or foods given to stimulate bms
laxatives
adminstered to combat dehydrations
intravenous fluids
a treatment in which a solution of electrolytes is given in a liquid preparation to counteract the dehydration that can accompany diarrhea
oral rehydration therapy
the professional cleaning of the teeth to remove plaque and calculus
dental prophylaxis
the anchoring of a crown, bridge, or denture to the bone of the jaw
dental implant
gingivectomy
the surgical removal of diseased gingival tissue
specialized surgery of the face and jaws to correct deformities
maxillofacial surgery
palatoplasty
surgical repair of cleft palate
the surgical removal of all or part of stomach
gastrectomy
the placement of a feeding tube through nose into stomach
nasogastric intubation
feeding tube into stomach
gastrostomy tube
performed to treat morbid obesity by restricting the amount of food that can enter the stomach and be digested
bariatric surgery
colectomy
the surgical removal of all or part of colon
colotomy
a surgical incision into the colon
diverticulectomy
surgical removal of a diverticulum
gastroduodenostomy
the establishment of an anastomosis b/w the upper portion of the stomach and the duodenum
anastomosis
a surgical connection b/w 2 hollow, or tubular structures
ileectomy
the surgical removal of the ileum
a surgical procedure to creaet an artifical opening b/w an organ and the body surface
ostomy aka stoma
proctopexy
the surgical fixation of a prolapsed rectum to an adjacent tissue of organ
-pexy
surgical fixation
hepatectomy
surgical removal of all or part of liver
choledocholithotomy
an incision into the common bile duct for the removal of a gallstone
choledoch/o
common bile duct
cholecystectomy
removal of gallbladder
