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Medical Terminology for Health Professions > Chapter 8 The Digestive System > Flashcards

Chapter 8 The Digestive System Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Begins preparation of food for digestion

A

mouth

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2
Q

Transports food from the mouth to the esophagus

A

Pharynx

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3
Q

Transports food from the pharynx to the stomach

A

Esophagus

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4
Q

Breaks down food and mixes it with gastric juices

A

Stomach

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5
Q

Mixes chyme coming from the stomach with digestive juices to complete the digestion and absorption of most nutrients

A

Small Intestine

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6
Q

Absorbs excess water and prepares solid waste for elimination

A

Large Intestine

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7
Q

Controls the excretion of solid waste

A

Rectum and Anus

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8
Q

Secretes bile and enzymes to aid in the digestion of fats

A

Liver

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9
Q

Stores bile and releases it into the small intestine as needed

A

Gallbladder

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10
Q

Secretes digestive juices and enzymes into the small intestine as needed

A

Pancreas

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11
Q

or/o, stomat/o

A

mouth

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12
Q

pharyng/o

A

pharynx

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13
Q

esophag/o

A

esophagus

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14
Q

gastr/o

A

stomach

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15
Q

enter/o

A

small intestine

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16
Q

col/o, colon/o

A

large intestine

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17
Q

an/o, proct/o, rect/o

A

rectum, anus

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18
Q

hepat/o

A

liver

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19
Q

cholecyst/o

A

gallbladder

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20
Q

pancreat/o

A

pancreas

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21
Q

an/o

A

anus, ring

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22
Q

chol/e

A

bile, gall

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23
Q

cholecyst/o

A

gallbladder

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24
Q

col/o, colon/o

A

colon, large intestine

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25
Q

-emesis

A

vomiting

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26
Q

enter/o

A

small intestine

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27
Q

esophag/o

A

esophagus

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28
Q

gastr/o

A

stomach, belly

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29
Q

hepat/o

A

liver

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30
Q

-lithiasis

A

presence of stones

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31
Q

-pepsia

A

digest, digestion

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32
Q

-phagia

A

eating, swallowing

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33
Q

proct/o

A

anus and rectum

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34
Q

rect/o

A

rectum, straight

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35
Q

sigmoid/o

A

sigmoid colon

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36
Q

Upper GI tract

A

mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach

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37
Q

Lower GI tract

A

Small and large intestines and rectum and anus

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38
Q

Accessory Organs of the digestive system

A

liver, gallbladder, pancreas

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39
Q

The (6-7) structures of the oral cavity (aka MOUTH)

A

Lips, hard and soft palates, salivary glands, tongue, teeth, and periodontium

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40
Q

The roof of the mouth

A

palate

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41
Q

3 parts of the palate

A

hard palate, soft palate, uvula

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42
Q

Anterior portion of palate

A

hard palate

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43
Q

rugae

A

irregular ridges or folds in the hard palate mucous membrane

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44
Q

posterior portion of palate that closes the nasal passage during swallowing

A

soft palate

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45
Q

The upper surface of the tongue

A

dorsum

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46
Q

Small bumps on dorsum that contain taste buds

A

papillae

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47
Q

Under the tongue highly vascular surface

A

sublingual surface

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48
Q

Band of tissue that attaches the tongue to the floor of the mouth

A

lingual frenum

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49
Q

Periodontium

A

describes the structures that surround, support, and are attached to the teeth

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50
Q

peri-

A

surrounding

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51
Q

odonti

A

teeth

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52
Q

-um

A

noun ending

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53
Q

aka gums or masticatory mucosa

A

gingiva

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54
Q

An area of space between a tooth and the surrounding gingiva

A

sulcus

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55
Q

3 structures of the dental arches

A

maxillary arch, mandibular arch, temporomandibular joint

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56
Q

maxillary arch

A

upper jaw (does not move)

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57
Q

mandibular arch

A

lower jaw (movable)

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58
Q

temporomandibular joint

A

(TMJ) formed at the back of the mouth where the maxillary and mandibular arches come together

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59
Q

Another name for teeth

A

dentition

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60
Q

4 types of teeth

A

Incisors and canines (cuspids), premolars and molars (bicuspids)

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61
Q

Baby teeth

A

the primary dentition or deciduous dentition

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62
Q

Any contact between the chewing surfaces or the upper and lower teeth

A

occlusion

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63
Q

Hardest substance in the body

A

enamel

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64
Q

The portion of the tooth that is visible in the mouth

A

crown

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65
Q

Hold the tooth securely in place within the dental arch

A

roots

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66
Q

Part of the tooth where the crown and root meet

A

cervix

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67
Q

Portion of the tooth that makes up the bulk of it the is above the gum line and underneath the enamel

A

dentin

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68
Q

Area of tooth within the crown and roots surrounded by dentin and protects the pulp

A

pulp cavity

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69
Q

Space in the roots of the tooth that contain pulp

A

root canal

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70
Q

Consists of a rich supply of blood vessels and nerves that provide nutrients and innervation and to the tooth

A

pulp

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71
Q

Colorless liquid that maintains the moisture in the mouth and contains amylase, the first step in digestions

A

amylase

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72
Q

3 salivary glands

A

parotid, sublingual, submandibular glands

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73
Q

The common passageway for both respiration and digestion

A

the pharynx (throat)

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74
Q

Deglutition

A

swallowing

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75
Q

Lid-like structure that closes off the entrance to the trachea to prevent food and liquids from moving from the pharynx during swallowing

A

epiglottis

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76
Q

The muscular tube through which ingested food passes from the pharynx to the stomach

A

esophagus

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77
Q

A muscular ring between the esophagus and stomach that when relaxed allows food to enter the stomach and then closes to prevent regurgitation

A

lower esophageal sphincter aka cardiac sphincter

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78
Q

3 parts of the stomach

A

fundus (upper, rounded part), body (main portion), antrum (lower part)

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79
Q

Folds in the mucosa lining of the stomach that allow the stomach to increase and decrease in size that contain gastric juice producing glands

A

Rugae

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80
Q

Made up of enzymes and HCL that aid in the beginning of food digestion

A

gastric juices

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81
Q

The ring-like muscle at the base of the stomach that controls the flow of partially digested food from the stomach to the duodenum of the small intestine

A

pyloric sphincter

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82
Q

The narrow passage that connects the stomach with the small intestine

A

pylorus

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83
Q

The small intestine extends from the ______ to the first part of the ______.

A

pyloric sphincter; large intestine

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84
Q

3 sections of the SI (in order)

A

duodenum, jejunum, ileum

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85
Q

The large intestine extends from the end of the _____ to the ____.

A

Small intestine; anus

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86
Q

4 parts of the large intestine

A

cecum, colon, rectum, anus

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87
Q

Pouch that lies on the right side of the abdomen that extends from the end of the ileum to the begining of the colon

A

cecum

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88
Q

ring-like muscle that controls the flow from the ileum of the SI into the cecum of the LI

A

ileocecal sphincter

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89
Q

__________ hangs from the end of the cecum.

A

Vermiform appendix (vermiform=worm-like shape)

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90
Q

4 parts of the colon

A

ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon

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91
Q

Widest division of the LI

A

rectum

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92
Q

Lower opening of the digestive tract

A

anus

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93
Q

Refers to the anus and rectum as a single unit

A

anorectal

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94
Q

The flow of waste through the anus is controlled by the _____ and the _____.

A

internal anal sphincter; external anal sphincter

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95
Q

The largest organ in the body that has several important functions r/t removing toxins from the blood and turning food into the fuels and nutrients the body needs.

A

the liver

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96
Q

Hepatic

A

pertaining to the liver

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97
Q

Glycogen

A

a form of glucose that is stored by the liver and muscles and is converted back to glucose if the body needs it

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98
Q

A pigment excreted in bile giving it a yellow to green color

A

bilirubin

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99
Q

Digestive juice secreted by the liver that is necessary for the digestion of fat & is stored in the gallbladder

A

Bile

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100
Q

Provides the channels through which bile is transported from the liver to the small intestine

A

the biliary tree

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101
Q

The trunk of the biliary tree; how bile travels from liver to GB

A

common hepatic duct

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102
Q

Where bile enters and exits the GB

A

cystic duct

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103
Q

The common bile duct joins the _____ and together they enter the duodenum of the SI

A

pancreatic duct

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104
Q

Pear-shaped organ about the size of an egg located under the liver that stores and concentrates bile for later use

A

gallbladder

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105
Q

cholecystic

A

pertaining to the gallbladder

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106
Q

Gland located behind the stomach that has important roles in both the digestive and endocrine systems.

A

pancreas

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107
Q

Digestion

A

the process by which complex foods are broken down into nutrients in a form the body can use

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108
Q

Responsible for the chemical changes that break foods down into nutrients

A

digestive enzymes

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109
Q

Macronutrients

A

carbohydrates, fats, proteins

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110
Q

micronutrients

A

vitamins and minerals

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111
Q

Includes all of the processes involved in the body’s use of nutrients

A

metabolism

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112
Q

metabol

A

change

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113
Q

-ism

A

condition

114
Q

The building up of body cells and substances from nutrients

A

anabolism

115
Q

the breaking down of body cells or substances

A

catabolism

116
Q

The process by which completely digested nutrients are transported to the cells throughout the body

A

absorption

117
Q

Finger-like projections in the SI that contain blood vessels and lacteals

A

villi

118
Q

Mastication

A

chewing

119
Q

bolus

A

mass of food that has been chewed and is ready to be swallowed

120
Q

A series of wave-like contractions of the smooth muscles of the esophagus that moves the food down

A

peristalsis

121
Q

The semifluid mass of partly digested food that passes out of the stomach, through the pyloric sphincter, and into the SI

A

chyme

122
Q

The action of the duodenum where bile breaks apart large fat globules so that enzymes in the pancreatic juices can digest the fats

A

emulsification

123
Q

Solid body waste

A

feces

124
Q

Bowel movement

A

defecation

125
Q

Gut microflora

A

the billions of normal bacteria present in the LI to protect against infection and help maintain the immune system

126
Q

Borborygmus

A

the rumbling noise cause by the movement of gas in the intestine

127
Q

The passage of gas out of the body through the rectum

A

flatulence (aka flatus)

128
Q

Branch of medicine concerned with the prevention and control of obesity and associated diseases

A

bariatrics

129
Q

Doctor of teeth and tissues of the oral cavity

A

dentist

130
Q

physician who specializes in d/os of stomach and intestines

A

gastroenterologist

131
Q

Surgeon who specializes in surgery of the face and jaws

A

oral or maxillofacial surgeon

132
Q

dental specialist who prevents or corrects malocclusion of the teeth

A

orthodontist

133
Q

orth

A

straight or normal

134
Q

odont

A

teeth

135
Q

a dental specialist who prevents or treats d/os of the tissues surrounding teeth

A

periodontist

136
Q

physician who specializes in disorders of the colon, rectum, an anus

A

proctologist

137
Q

Aphthous ulcers

A

canker sores or mouth ulcers- gray-white pits with red border in the soft tissues lining the mouth

138
Q

An open lesion of the skin or mucous membrane resulting in tissue loss around the edges

A

ulcer

139
Q

Cheilosis

A

d/o of the lips with crack-like sores at the corners of the mouth

140
Q

cheil

A

lips

141
Q

Blister-like sores on the lips and adjacent facial tissue that are caused by the oral herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1)

A

Herpes labialis (aka cold sores or fever blisters)

142
Q

An abnormal white, usually benign lesion/sore that develops on the tongue or inside of cheek as a response to irritation

A

Leukoplakia

143
Q

-plakia

A

plaque

144
Q

An inflammation of the mucosa of the mouth

A

stomatitits

145
Q

Any dz of the mouth d/t a fungus

A

Stomatomycosis

146
Q

myc

A

fungus

147
Q

Type of stomatomycosis d/t Candida albicans growth usually in people with weakened immune sxs

A

oral thrush

148
Q

Any restriction to the opening of the mouth caused by trauma, surgery, or radiation d/t oral ca

A

trismus

149
Q

lack of adequate saliva d/t diminished secretions by the salivary glands

A

xerostomia (dry mouth)

150
Q

xer/o

A

dry

151
Q

Birth defect w/deep groove of lip

A

cleft lip (harelip)

152
Q

Failure of palate to close during the early development of fetus

A

cleft palate

153
Q

Bruxism

A

grinding or clenching of teeth

154
Q

Infectious dz caused by bacteria that destroy the enamel and dentin of the tooth

A

dental caries (aka tooth decay or a cavity)

155
Q

Soft deposits in sheltered areas near the gums and b/w the teeth consisting of bacteria and causes dental caries and periodontal dz

A

dental plaque

156
Q

without teeth

A

edentulous

157
Q

bad breath

A

halitosis

158
Q

Any deviation from the normal positioning of the upper teeth against the lower teeth

A

malocclusion

159
Q

inflammation of the tissues that surround and support the teeth

A

periodontal dz (or periodontitis)

160
Q

Dental plaque that has calcified

A

dental calculus (aka tartar)

161
Q

Earlies stage of periodontal dz that only affects the gums

A

gingivitis

162
Q

gingiv

A

gums

163
Q

Caused by the abnormal growth of bacteria in the mouth with severe death of gum tissue

A

Acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis (ANUG)

164
Q

Dyshagia

A

difficulty swallowing

165
Q

A chronic immune system dz in which a type of wbc called on eosinophil builds up in the esophagus, usually as a result of an allergy to certain foods

A

Eosinophilic esophagitis

166
Q

The upward flow of acid from the stomach into the esphagus

A

GERD- gastroesophageal reflux dz

167
Q

A condition that occurs when the cells in the epithelial tissue of the esphagus are damaged by chronic acid exposure

A

Barrett’s esophagus

168
Q

An abnormal narrowing of a bodily passage

A

stricture

169
Q

the burning sensation caused by the return of acidic stomach contents into the esophagus

A

Pyrosis (aka heartburn)

170
Q

Enlarged and swollen veins at the lower end of the esophagus with bleeding if they rupture

A

esophageal varices

171
Q

An anatomical abnormality in which a portion of the stomach protrudes upward into the chest through an opening in the diaphragm

A

hiatal hernia

172
Q

hiat

A

opening

173
Q

An inflammation of the stomach lining that is often caused by the bacterium Helicobacter pylori

A

Gastritis

174
Q

an inflammation of the mucous membrane lining the stomach and intestines

A

gastroenteritis

175
Q

a condition in which the muscles in the stomach slow down and work poorly or not at all, preventing the stomach form emptying normally

A

gastroparesis

176
Q

-paresis

A

partial paralysis

177
Q

Sores that affect the mucous membranes of the digestive sx

A

peptic ulcers

178
Q

pept

A

digestion

179
Q

The loss of appetite for food

A

anorexia

180
Q

a condition of physical wasting away due to the loss of weight and muscle

A

cachexia

181
Q

a condition in which fluid loss exceeds fluid intake

A

dehydration

182
Q

a lack of proper food or nutrients

A

malnutrition

183
Q

a condition in which the small intestine cannot absorb nutrients from food

A

malabsorption

184
Q

an excessive accumulation of fat in the body

A

obesity

185
Q

the condition of weighing 2x or more of ibw or bmi over 40

A

morbid obesity

186
Q

body wt adjust for ht

A

body mass index (BMI)

187
Q

Aerophagia

A

the excessive swallowing of air while eating or drinking

188
Q

dyspepsia

A

indigestion/pain or discomfort in digestion

189
Q

Emesis

A

vomiting

190
Q

Eructation

A

the act of belching or raising gas orally from the stomach

191
Q

Hematemesis

A

vomiting of blood

192
Q

Hyperemesis

A

extreme, persistent vomiting that can cause dehydration

193
Q

Nausea

A

the urge to vomit

194
Q

regurgitation

A

the return of swallowed food into the mouth

195
Q

A hereditary autoimmune d/o characterized by a severe rx to gluten

A

Celiac dz

196
Q

Colon ca

A

colorectal carcinoma

197
Q

A mushroom-like growth from the surface of a mucous membrane

A

polyp

198
Q

A small pouch or sac found in the lining or wall of a tubular organ such as the colon

A

diverticulum

199
Q

diverticulosis

A

the chronic presence of an abnormal number of diverticulum in the colon

200
Q

Diverticulitis

A

inflammation or infection of one or more diverticulum in the colon

201
Q

An inflammation of the small intestine caused by eating or drinking substances contaminated with viral or bacterial pathogens

A

enteritis

202
Q

Occurs when part of the large intestine is partially or completely deprived of blood which can lead to inflammation and damage to affected area

A

ischemic colitis

203
Q

the partial of complete blockage of the small or large intestine

A

ileus

204
Q

A common condition of unknown cause with sxs that can include intermittent cramping and abdominal pain accompanied by constipation or diarrhea

A

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)

205
Q

The general name for diseases that cause inflammation and swelling in the intestines

A

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)

206
Q

2 most common IBDs

A

Ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease

207
Q

A chronic condition of unknown cause in which repeated episodes of inflammation of the innermost lining of the rectum and large intestine cause ulcers and irritation

A

Ulcerative colitis

208
Q

A chronic autoimmune d/o that is most often found in the ileum and colon that penetrates every layer of tissue of the affected area

A

Crohn’s dz

209
Q

Intestinal obstruction

A

the partial or complete blockage of the SI or LI caused by a physical obstruction

210
Q

Volvulus

A

the twisting of the intestine on itself, causing an obstruction

211
Q

The telescoping of one part of the SI into the opening of an immediately adjacent part

A

intussusception

212
Q

The protrusion of a small loop of bowel through a weak place in the lower abdominal wall or groin

A

inguinal hernia

213
Q

Occurs when a portion of the intestine is constricted inside the hernia, causing ischemia (insufficient O2)

A

strangulated hernia

214
Q

A bacterial infection common to inpatient older adults following the use of antibiotics

A

Clostridium difficile

215
Q

A bacterial infection that occurs most frequently in tropical countries where it is spread through food or water contaminated by human feces

A

Dysentery

216
Q

E.coli

A

food borne

217
Q

Transmitted by feces, either by direct contact with animals, or by eating contaminated raw or undercooked meats and eggs or unpasteurized milk and cheese products

A

Salmonellosis

218
Q

Crack-like sore in the skin of the anus

A

anal fissure

219
Q

The inability to control the excretion of feces

A

bowel incontinence

220
Q

Occurs when a cluster of veins, muscles, and tissues slip near or through the anal opening

A

hemorrhoids

221
Q

A bulging of the front wall of the rectum into the vagina usually as the result of childbirth or pregnancy

A

rectocele

222
Q

The presence of bright red blood in the stool

A

hematochezia

223
Q

Melena

A

the passage of black, tarry, foul-smelling stools

224
Q

The presence of excess fat in the stool

A

steatorrhea

225
Q

An abnormal accumulation of serous fluid in the peritoneal cavity

A

ascites

226
Q

The abnormal enlargement of the liver

A

hepatomegaly

227
Q

a yellow discoloration of the skin, mucous membranes, and eyes caused by high amounts of bilirubin in the blood

A

jaundice

228
Q

an inflammation of the liver usually caused by a viral infection

A

Hepatitis

229
Q

A chronic degenerative dz of liver characterized by fat filled scarring and caused by etoh or viral hep b or c

A

cirrhosis

230
Q

The accumulation of fat in the liver of people who don’t drink

A

nonalcoholic fatty liver dz (NAFLD)

231
Q

Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis

A

more serious form of NAFLD that consists of fatty accumulation plus liver damaging inflammation that could lead to cirrhosis

232
Q

An acute inflammation of the bile duct caused by a baterial infection

A

cholangitis

233
Q

cholang

A

bile duct

234
Q

An inflammation of the GB usually assoicated with gallstones blocking the flow of bile

A

Cholecystitis

235
Q

A hard deposit formed in the GB and bile ducts d/t the concretion of bile deposits

A

gallstone aka cholelith

236
Q

the presence of gallstones in the gb or bile ducts

A

Cholelithiasis

237
Q

a radiographic procedure that produces a detailed cross-section of the tissue structure w/in the abdomen

A

Abdominal computed tomography (CT)

238
Q

A noninvasive test used to visualize internal organs by using very high-frequency sound waves

A

abdominal ultrasound

239
Q

a radiographic examination of the bile ducts with the use of a contrast medium

A

cholangiography

240
Q

The placement of a solution into the rectum and colon to empty the lower intestine through bowel activity

A

enema

241
Q

esophagogastroduodenoscopy

A

an endoscopic procer that allows direct visualization of the upper GI tract

242
Q

upper and lower GI series

A

radiographic studies to examine the digestive system

243
Q

An instrument used for an endoscopy

A

endoscope

244
Q

the visual examination of the anal canal and lower rectum

A

anoscopy

245
Q

capsule endoscopy

A

pill camera

246
Q

colonoscopy

A

the direct visual examination of the inner surface of the entire colon from the rectum to the cecum using a colonoscope

247
Q

sigmoidoscopy

A

the endoscopic examination of the interior of the rectum, sigmoid colon, and possibly a portion of the descending colon

248
Q

Hemoccult test

A

laboratory test for hidden blood in stool

249
Q

-occult

A

hidden

250
Q

chemicals that block free radicals

A

antioxidants

251
Q

living microorganisms aka good bacteria

A

probiotics

252
Q

nondigestible carbohydrates that probiotics feed on

A

prebiotics

253
Q

Neutralize acids in stomach

A

antacids

254
Q

decrease the amount of acid produced by the stomach

A

proton pump inhibitors

255
Q

anti-nausea med

A

antiemetic

256
Q

emet

A

vomit

257
Q

meds or foods given to stimulate bms

A

laxatives

258
Q

adminstered to combat dehydrations

A

intravenous fluids

259
Q

a treatment in which a solution of electrolytes is given in a liquid preparation to counteract the dehydration that can accompany diarrhea

A

oral rehydration therapy

260
Q

the professional cleaning of the teeth to remove plaque and calculus

A

dental prophylaxis

261
Q

the anchoring of a crown, bridge, or denture to the bone of the jaw

A

dental implant

262
Q

gingivectomy

A

the surgical removal of diseased gingival tissue

263
Q

specialized surgery of the face and jaws to correct deformities

A

maxillofacial surgery

264
Q

palatoplasty

A

surgical repair of cleft palate

265
Q

the surgical removal of all or part of stomach

A

gastrectomy

266
Q

the placement of a feeding tube through nose into stomach

A

nasogastric intubation

267
Q

feeding tube into stomach

A

gastrostomy tube

268
Q

performed to treat morbid obesity by restricting the amount of food that can enter the stomach and be digested

A

bariatric surgery

269
Q

colectomy

A

the surgical removal of all or part of colon

270
Q

colotomy

A

a surgical incision into the colon

271
Q

diverticulectomy

A

surgical removal of a diverticulum

272
Q

gastroduodenostomy

A

the establishment of an anastomosis b/w the upper portion of the stomach and the duodenum

273
Q

anastomosis

A

a surgical connection b/w 2 hollow, or tubular structures

274
Q

ileectomy

A

the surgical removal of the ileum

275
Q

a surgical procedure to creaet an artifical opening b/w an organ and the body surface

A

ostomy aka stoma

276
Q

proctopexy

A

the surgical fixation of a prolapsed rectum to an adjacent tissue of organ

277
Q

-pexy

A

surgical fixation

278
Q

hepatectomy

A

surgical removal of all or part of liver

279
Q

choledocholithotomy

A

an incision into the common bile duct for the removal of a gallstone

280
Q

choledoch/o

A

common bile duct

281
Q

cholecystectomy

A

removal of gallbladder

Medical Terminology for Health Professions (9 decks)

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