Ch.9 The Urinary System Flashcards
Function of the kidneys
Filter the blood to remove waste products, maintain electrolyte concentrations, and remove excess water to maintain the fluid volume within the body
Function of the renal pelvis
Collects urine produced by the kidneys
Urine function
Liquid waste products to be excreted
Function of ureters
Transport urine from the kidneys to the bladder.
Function of the urethra.
Transports urine from the bladder through the urethral meatus, where it is excreted.
Function of the prostrate.
Gland of male reproductive system that surrounds the male urethra.
nephr/o, ren/o
kidneys
ur/o, urin/o
urine
ureter/o
urethra
prostat/o
prostate
-cele
hernia, tumor, swelling
cyst/o
urinary bladder, cyst, sac of fluid
dia-
through, between, apart, complete
-ectasis
stretching, dilation, enlargement
glomerul/o
glomerulus
lith/o
stone,calculus
-lysis
breakdown, separation, setting free, destruction, loosening
-pexy
surgical fixation
pyel/o
renal pelvis, bowl of kidney
-tripsy
to crush
ur/o
urine, urinary tract
ureter/o
ureter
urethr/o
urethra
Homeostasis
the process through which the body maintains a constant internal environment
home/o
constant
-stasis
control
The major waste product of protein metabolism
Urea
What the kidneys excrete by converting the body’s waste products and excess fluids
urine
6 parts of urinary system
2 kidneys, 2 ureters, 1 bladder, 1 urethra
Renal
pertaining to the kidneys
Renal cortex
the outer region of the kidney
medulla
inner region of the kidney containing most of the urine-collecting tubules
The microscopic functional unit of each kidney
nephrons
Where is urine produced?
nephrons
Glomerulus
cluster of capillaries in each nephron
Renal tubule
small tube in each nephron
Where does blood enter the kidney through and where does it flow to?
The renal artery; the nephrons
How does filtered blood return to the bloodstream?
the renal vein
Funnel-shaped area inside each kidney that is surrounded by the renal cortex and medulla where the newly formed urine from the nephrons collects before it flows into the ureters.
renal pelvis
tubes that transport urine from the kidney to the bladder with the help of peristalsis
ureters
Urine drains from the ureters into the bladder through _____ in the wall of the urinary bladder.
ureteral orifices
An oval, hollow, muscular organ that is a reservoir for urrine before it is excreted from the body
urinary bladder
The tube extending from the bladder to the exterior of the body
urethra
The external opening of the urethra
urethral meatus
female urethra
1.5 inches long; transports only urine, meatus b/w clitoris and vaginal opening
male urethra
8 inches long; transports urine & semen; meatus at tip o penis
prostate gland
part of the male reproductive system that surrounds the urethra
Urination
(aka voiding or micturation) the normal process of excreting urine; As the bladder fills up w/urine, pressure is placed on the base of the urethra, resulting in the urge to urinate
A physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the kidneys
nephrologist
A physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the urinary system
urologist
Any dz of the kidney
nephropathy
Renal failure
the inability of 1 or both of the kidneys to perform the functions as a result of too many nephrons being destroyed
An elevation of the blood urea nitrogen caused by lack of blood flow to each kidney
Azotemia
A toxic condition resulting from renal failure in which kidney fx is compromised and urea and other waste products normally secreted in the urine are retained in the blood
Uremia
Sudden onset condition characterized by uremia that can be caused by dehydration or drop in blood volume or pressure
Acute renal failure
The progressive loss of renal function which may result from DM, HTN, family hx
Chronic Kidney Disease
The final stage in kidney dz where it is fatal unless replaced by dialysis or transplant
End-stage renal disease
A group of conditions in which excessive amounts of protein are lost in urine d/t damage to glomeruli
Nephrotic syndrome
Excessive fluid accumulation
edema
the presence of abnormally high concentrations of protein in the urine
hyperproteinuria
the presence of abnormally low concentrations of protein in the blood
hypoproteinemia
The swelling of one or both kidneys
hydronephrosis
an inflammation of the kidney or kidneys
nephritis
A type of nephritis caused by inflammation of the glomeruli that causes RBCs and proteins to leak into the urine
Glomerulonephritis
AKA “floating kidney”, is the prolapse, or dropping down of a kidney into the pelvic area when the patient stands
Nephroptosis
-ptosis
droop or sag
AKA “pyonephrosis”, is the formation or discharge of pus of the kidney
Nephropyosis
py
pus
A genetic d/o characterized by the growth of numerous fluid-filled cysts in the kidneys
Polycystic kidney disease (PKD)
An Acute pain in the kidney area that is caused by blockage during the passage of a nephrolith (kidney stone)
Renal colic
colic
spasms of pain in the abdomen
Wilms tumor
a rare type of malignant tumor of the kidney that occurs in young children
An abnormal mineral deposit
stone (aka calculus)
The presence of stones in the kidney
nephrolithiasis
Name of stone found in kidney
nephrolith (aka kidney stone or renal calculus)
Stone located anywhere along the ureter
ureterolith
A stone located within the urinary bladder
cystolith
The distention of the ureter with urine that cannot flow because the ureter is blocked
hydroureter
The distention of a ureter d/t hydroureter or congenital abnormalities
Ureterectasis
The discharge of blood from the ureter
Ureterorrhagia
Pain in the bladder
Cystalgia
-ectasis
enlargement
A hernia of the bladder through the vaginal wall
cystocele
-cele
hernia
Chronic inflammation w/in the walls of the bladder
Interstitial cystitits
The backward flow of urine into the ureters from the bladder
vesicoureteral reflux
vesic/o
bladder
An abnormal opening b/w the bladder and the vagina that allows constant involuntary flow of urine from the bladder into the vagina
vesicovaginal fistula
A urinary problem caused by interference with the normal nerve pathways associated with urination
neurogenic bladder
Any disease or damage to a nerve
Neuropathy
An enlargement of the prostate gland that occurs most often in men over 50 making urination difficult
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)
Hyperplasia
an increase in cell numbers typically associated with tumor growth
A disorder resulting from the compression or obstruction of the urethra due to benign prostatic hyperplasia
Prostatism
One of the most common cancers among men
Prostate cancer
A group of disorders characterized by the inflammation of the prostate gland
prostatitis
Bleeding from the urethra
urethrorrhagia
An abnormal discharge from the urethra that can be associated with stds
urethrorrhea
Narrowing of the urethra
urethrostenosis
A congenital abnormality of the urethral opening where males is on the upper surface of penis and females is in the clit region
epispadias
A congenital abnormality of the urethral opening where males is on underside of penis and females opens into vagina
Hypospadias
Infection of urinary system caused by bacteria, most often E. Coli, entering the urinary system through the urethra
Urinary tract infection (UTI)
An inflammation of the bladder
cystitis
An inflammation of both the renal pelvis and kidney
pyelonephritis
An inflammation of the urethra
Urethritis
The absence of urine formation by the kidneys
Anuria
The increased output of urine
diuresis
Difficult or painful urination
dysuria
The involuntary discharge of urine
enuresis
en-
into
-uria, -uresis
urination
Urinary incontinence during sleep
nocturnal enuresis
Frequent and excessive urination during the night
nocturia
Scanty urination
Oliguria
Excessive urination
Polyuria
Difficulty in starting a urinary stream
Urinary hesitancy
The inability to completely empty the bladder when attempting to urinate.
Urinary retention (aka ischuria)
The inability to control the excretion of urine, feces, or both
Incontinence
The inability to control the voiding of urine
Urinary incontinence
Continuous leaking from the bladder either because it is full or because it does not empty completely.
Overflow incontinence
The inability to control the voiding of urine under physical stress such as running, lifting, sneezing, laughing, or coughing.
Stress incontinence
Occurs when the muscles of the bladder contract involuntarily even though the bladder is not actually full enough to indicate the need to urinate.
Overactive bladder
The examination of urine to determine the presence of abnormal elements
urinalysis
-alysis
a study of the parts
The use of a handheld ultrasound transducer to look for stones or elevation of the bladder by an enlarged prostate and to measure the residual amount of urine remaining in the bladder after urination.
bladder ultrasound
The insertion of a tube into the bladder to procure a sterile specimen for diagnostic purposes or to drain urine from bladder, or to place meds into bladder
Urinary catheterization
The visual examination of the bladder with the use of a specialized type of endoscope known as a cystoscope
Cystoscopy
A diagnostic procedure in which a fluoroscope is used to examine the flow of urine from the bladder and through the urethra
Voiding cystourethrography
Used as a primary tool for evaluation of the urinary system which provides additional imaging of the abdomen
Computed tomography
A blood test to check how well the kidneys are functioning at filtering blood.
Glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
A radiographic, or xray, examination of the bladder after a contrast medium is instilled via a urethral catheter
Cystography
A radiographic study of the kidneys and ureters
Intravenous pyelography
A radiographic study without the use of a contrast medium
KUB (kidneys, ureters, bladder- but doesn’t show the ureters) aka flat-plate of the abdomen
A radiograph of the urinary system taken after a contrast medium has been placed in the urethra through a sterile catheter and caused to flow upward through the urinary tract
Retrograde urography
Performed on men by using a lubricated, gloved finger placed in the rectum to palpate the prostate gland to detect prostate enlargement
digital rectal examination
Blood test used to screen for prostate cancer
prostate-specific antigen (PSA) blood test
Medications administered to increase urine secretion
diuretics
A procedure to remove waste products (urea, creatinine, and excess water) from the blood of a patient whose kidneys no longer function
Dialysis
The process by which waste products are filtered directly from the patient’s blood
Hemodialysis
Treatment where the lining of the peritoneal cavity acts as the filter to remove waste from the blood
peritoneal dialysis
The surgical freeing of a kidney from adhesions
nephrolysis
-lysis
setting free
The surgical fixation of nephroptosis, or a floating kidney
nephropexy
The placement of a catheter to maintain an opening from the pelvis of one or both kidneys to the exterior of the body
nephrostomy
A surgical incision into the renal pelvis
pyelotomy
The grafting of a donor kidney into the body to replace the recipient’s failed kidneys.
Renal transplantation
Kidney stone treatment where high energy ultrasonic waves travel through water or gel to break stone into fragments
Extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy (ESWL)
-tripsy
to crush
The surgical removal of a nephrolith through a small incision in the back
percutaneous nephrolithotomy
The surgical removal of a ureter
ureterectomy
The surgical suturing of a ureter
ureterorrhaphy
A treatment for a nephrolith lodged in the ureter where a ureteroscope is inserted through the urethra and bladder into the ureter
ureteroscopy
The surgical removal of all or part of the urinary bladder
cystectomy
The use of a small piece of intestine to convey urine to the ureters and to a stoma in the abdomen
ileal conduit
ile
ileum or small intestine
The surgical fixationof the bladder to the abdominal wall
cystopexy
The surgical suturing of a wound or defect in the bladder
cystorrhaphy
A surgical incision for the removal of a nephrolith from the bladder
lithotomy
Performed to withdraw urine
urinary catheterization
type of catheter that remains inside the body for a prolonged period of time based on need
indwelling catheter
Performed by inserting a catheter/tube through the urethra and into the bladder
urethral catheterization
The placement of a catheter into the bladder through a small incision made through the abdominal wall just above the pubic bone
suprapubic catheterization
The most common type of indwelling catheter. Has flexible tube with a balloon filled with sterile water at the end to hold it in place.
Foley catheter
Short-term catheter
intermittent catheter
A surgical incision made in the urethral meatus to enlarge the opening
meatotomy
The surgical repair of damage or a defect in the walls of the urethra
urethroplasty
A surgical incision into the urethra for relief of a stricture
urethrotomy
Prostate cancer tx involving the removal of a body part or destruction of its function through use of surgery, hormones, drugs, heat, chemicals, electrocautery
Ablation
The surgical removal of part or all of the prostate gland
prostatectomy
The removal of excess tissue from an enlarged prostate gland with the use of a resectoscope
transurethral prostatectomy (TURP)
When an orgasm results in semen flowing backward into the bladder
Retrograde ejaculation
Series of pelvic muscle exercises used to strengthen the muscles of the pelvic floor
Kegel exercises
A behavioral therapy in which the patient learns to urinate on a schedule, with increasingly longer time intervals as the bladder increases its capacity.
Bladder retraining
