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Medical Terminology for Health Professions > Chapter 7 The Respiratory System > Flashcards

Chapter 7 The Respiratory System Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

bronch/o, bronchi/o

A

bronchial tube, bronchus

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2
Q

laryng/o

A

larynx, throat

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3
Q

nas/o

A

nose

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4
Q

ox/i, ox/o, ox/y

A

oxygen

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5
Q

pharyng/o

A

throat, pharynx

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6
Q

phon/o

A

sound, voice

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7
Q

pleur/o

A

pleura, side of the body

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8
Q

-pnea

A

breathing

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9
Q

pneum/o, pneumon/o, pneu-

A

lung, air

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10
Q

pulm/o, pulmon/o

A

lung

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11
Q

sinus/o

A

sinus

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12
Q

somn/o

A

sleep

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13
Q

spir/o

A

to breathe

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14
Q

thorac/o, -thorax

A

chest, pleural cavity

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15
Q

trache/o, trachea

A

windpipe, trachea

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16
Q

4 functions of the respiratory system

A
  1. Deliver air to the lungs
  2. Convey oxygen from the inhaled air to the blood for delivery to the body cells
  3. Expel waste products (carbon dioxide and a small amount of water) returned to the lungs by the blood through exhalation
  4. Produce the airflow through the larynx that makes speech possible
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17
Q

Upper respiratory tract

A
  1. Nose
  2. mouth
  3. pharynx
  4. epiglottis
  5. larynx
  6. trachea
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18
Q

lower respiratory tract

A
  1. bronchial tree

2. lungs

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19
Q

Where is the lower respiratory tract located?

A

the thoracic cavity, or thorax, aka rib cage

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20
Q

The interior portion of the nose

A

nasal cavity

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21
Q

The external openings of the nose

A

nostrils

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22
Q

Wall of cartilage that divides the nose into 2 equal sections

A

nasal septum

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23
Q

What is located inside the nostrils to filter incoming air to remove debris?

A

Cilia

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24
Q

Lines the nose

A

mucous membranes

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25
Q

Produced by the mucous membranes that protect and lubricates, helps moisten, warm, and filter air in nose

A

mucus

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26
Q

Nerve endings that act as the receptors for the sense of smell (and taste) located in them mucous membrane in the upper part of the nasal cavity

A

olfactory receptors

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27
Q

What do the tonsils and adenoids do?

A

help protect the body from infection coming through the nose or mouth

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28
Q

Another name for tonsils and where are they located?

A

palatine tonsils; back of mouth

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29
Q

Another name for adenoids and where are they located?

A

nasopharyngeal tonsils; higher up than palatine tonsils, behing the nose and roof of mouth

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30
Q

Air-filled cavities lined with mucous membranes located in the bones of the skull

A

Paranasal sinuses

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31
Q

para-

A

near

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32
Q

3 functions of the sinuses

A
  1. to make the bones of the skull lighter
  2. to help produce sound by giving resonance to the voice
  3. to produce mucus to provide lubrication for tissues of the nasal cavity
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33
Q

Name the 4 paranasal sinuses

A
  1. frontal sinuses
  2. sphenoid sinuses
  3. maxillary sinuses
  4. ethmoid sinuses
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34
Q

Throat

A

Pharynx

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35
Q

3 divisions of the pharynx

A

nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx

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36
Q

Function of the pharynx

A

receive air and food

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37
Q

This portion of the pharynx is located posterior to the nasal cavity and downward behind the mouth and receives air

A

nasopharynx

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38
Q

This division of the pharynx is visible when looking into the mouth and receives air, food, and fluids

A

oropharynx

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39
Q

The third division of the pharynx that receives and transports air, food, and fluids to the esophagus and trachea

A

laryngopharynx

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40
Q

AKA voice box, located between the pharynx and trachea

A

Larynx

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41
Q

Where are the vocal cords located and what is their function?

A

In the larynx; During breathing, they are separated to let air pass. During speech, they close together, and sound is produced as air is expelled from the lungs, causing cords to vibrate against each other.

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42
Q

Describe the protective swallowing mechanisms of the pharynx

A

To protect that only air and not food enter the lungs:

  1. The SOFT PALATE, which is the muscular portion of the roof of the mouth, moves up and backward during swallowing to close off the nasoharynx
  2. The EPIGLOTTIS, which is a lid-like structure located at the base of the tongue, swings downward and closes off the laryngopharynx so food doesn’t enter the trachea/lungs.
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43
Q

What is the function of the trachea and where is it located?

A

to transport air to and from the lungs; aka windpipe; located directly in front of the esophagus. it is held open by flexible cartilage so it can compress so food can go into the esophagus

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44
Q

2 large tubes which branch out from the trachea and convey air into the lungs

A

BRONCHI (aka primary bronchi, bronchial tree)

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45
Q

Subdivisions of the bronchi within the lungs

A

BRONCHIOLES

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46
Q

Air sacs found at the end of each bronchiole

A

Alveoli

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47
Q

What is the function of the alveoli?

A

where the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide take place.

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48
Q

Pulmonary

A

relating to or affecting the lungs

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49
Q

Produced by the alveoli which reduces the surface tension of the fluid of the lungs so they do not collapse with exhalation.

A

surfactant

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50
Q

The essential organs of respiration

A

lungs

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51
Q

Describe the right lung

A

larger w/3 lobes- upper, middle, lower

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52
Q

Describe the left lung

A

Only has 2 lobes- the upper and lower- so it has room for the heart

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53
Q

The middle section of the chest cavity located b/w the lungs containing connective tissue, heart, esphophagus, trachea, bronchi, thymus gland, lymph nodes

A

the Mediastinum

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54
Q

A thin, moist, slippery membrane that covers the out surface of the lungs and lines the inner surface of the thoracic cavity

A

the pleura

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55
Q

List the layers of the pleura from outer to inner

A
  1. parietal pleura
  2. pleural cavity
  3. visceral pleura
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56
Q

Parietal

A

relating to the walls of a cavity

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57
Q

The outer layer of the pleura that lines the walls of the thoracic cavity, covers the diaphragm, fors the sace containing each lung, and is attached to the chest wall

A

parietal pleura

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58
Q

The inner layer of pleura that covers each lung and is attached directly to the lungs

A

visceral pleura

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59
Q

Visceral

A

relating to the internal organs

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60
Q

The thin, fluid-filled space b/w the parietal and visceral pleural membranes that acts as a lubricant allowing membranes to slide easily over each other during respiration.

A

the pleural cavity (aka pleural space)

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61
Q

The muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdomen. It’s contraction and relaxation of this muscle that makes breathing possible.

A

the Diaphragm (aka thoracic diaphragm)

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62
Q

What stimulates the diaphragm and causes it to contract?

A

the phrenic nerves

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63
Q

Respiration

A

aka breathing; the exhange of O2 for CO2 that is essential to life.

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64
Q

A single breath consists of what?

A

One inhalation and one exhalation

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65
Q

Ventilation

A

another word for moving air in and out of the lungs

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66
Q

Inhalation

A

the act of taking in air as the diaphragm contracts and pulls downward causing the thoracic cavity to expand producing a vacuum that draws air into the lungs

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67
Q

Exhalation

A

the act of breathing out- the diaphragm relaxes, moving upward, causing the thoracic cavity to become narrower, forcing air out of the lungs

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68
Q

The act of bringing air in and out of the lungs from the outside environment and, in the process, exchanging O2 for CO2.

A

External respiration

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69
Q

The exchange of gases within the cells of the blood and tissues

A

internal respiration ( aka cellular respiration)

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70
Q

An ENT physician with specialized training in head and neck d/os

A

otolaryngologist

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71
Q

ot/o

A

ear

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72
Q

A physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating d/os or the respiratory system

A

pulmonologist

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73
Q

Performs operations of the organs inside the thorax, or chest, including the heart, lungs, and esophagus

A

A thoracic surgeon

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74
Q

A group of lung diseases in which the bronchial airflow is obstructed, making it difficult to breathe out

A

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

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75
Q

2 conditions related to COPD

A

chronic bronchitis and emphysema

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76
Q

A disease in which the airways have become inflamed due to recurrent exposure to an inhaled irritant, usually cigarette smoke. An increase in mucus producing cells= increased mucus=chronic coughing

A

Chronic bronchitis

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77
Q

The progressive, long term loss of lung function, usually d/t smoking characterized by a decrease in the total number of alveoli making breathing difficult

A

Emphysema

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78
Q

Why do people with emphysema get barrel chest?

A

As the alveoli are destroyed, breathing becomes increasingly rapid, shallow, and difficult. In an effort to compensate for the loss of capacity, the lungs chronically overinflate, and the rib cage stays partially expanded all the time.

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79
Q

A chronical inflammatory dz of the bronchial tubes, often triggered by an allergic rx

A

Asthma

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80
Q

Characterized by episodes of severe breathing difficulty, coughing, and wheezing

A

an Asthma attack

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81
Q

A breathing sound caused by a partially obstructed airway

A

wheezing

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82
Q

The swelling and clogging of the broncial tubes with mucus usually occuring after the airway has been exposed to inhaled allergens

A

Airway inflammation

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83
Q

A contraction of the smooth muscle in the walls of the bronchi and bronchioles, tightening and squeezing the airway shut

A

Bronchospasm

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84
Q

-spasm

A

involuntary contraction

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85
Q

The narrowing of the airways that develops after 5-15 minutes of physical exertion

A

Exercise-induced asthma

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86
Q

Term used to describe the common cold

A

Upper respiratory infection (aka acture nasopharyngitis)

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87
Q

URIs are caused by what? What is the most common?

A

Any one of 200 different viruses. The most common is HUMAN RHINOVIRUS.

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88
Q

An allergic rx to airborne allergens that causes an increased flow of mucus

A

Allergic rhinitis (commonly referred to as an allergy)

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89
Q

An inflammation of the lining of the nose caused by something other than an allergen, such as cold air, spicy food, or medication

A

Nonallergic rhinitis

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90
Q

An acute respiratory infection in children/infants characterized by obstruction of the larynx, hoarseness, and swelling around the vocal cords resulting in a barking cough and stridor.

A

CROUP

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91
Q

Stridor

A

A harsh, high-pitched sound caused by a blockage present when breathing in

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92
Q

An acute bacterial infection of the throat and upper respiratory tract that produce toxins that damage the heart and peripheral nerves

A

Diphtheria

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93
Q

AKA nose bleed

A

Epistaxis

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94
Q

An acute, highly contagious viral infection characterized by respiratory inflammation, fever, chills, and muscle pain

A

Influenza (flu)

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95
Q

A contagious bacterial infection of the upper respiratory tract characterized by recurrent bouts of a paroxysmal cough, followed by breathlessness and a noisy inspiration

A

Pertussis (ADA WHOOPING COUGH)

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96
Q

Paroxysmal

A

sudden or spasmlike

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97
Q

AKA Runny nose

A

Rhinorrhea

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98
Q

Sinusitis

A

inflammation of the sinuses

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99
Q

AKA sore throat, an inflammation of the pharynx

A

Pharyngitis

100
Q

Pharyngitis caused by the bacteria Streptococcus

A

strep throat

101
Q

The sudden spasmodic closure of the larynx

A

laryngospasm

102
Q

-spasm

A

a sudden involuntary contraction

103
Q

Aphonia

A

the loss of the ability of the larynx to produce normal speech sounds

104
Q

Dysphonia

A

difficulty in speaking

105
Q

Laryngitis

A

an inflammation of the larynx

106
Q

Tracheorrhagia

A

bleeding from the mucous membranes of the trachea

107
Q

Bronchiectasis

A

the permanent dilation of the bronchi, caused by infection and inflammation

108
Q

-ectasis

A

stretching or enlargement (boing)

109
Q

Bronchorrhea

A

an excessive d/c of mucus from the bronchi often caused by chronic bronchitis or asthma

110
Q

-isy

A

noun ending

111
Q

Pleurisy

A

aka pleuritis, an inflammation of the pleura

112
Q

A sharp pain that occurs when the inflamed membranes of the pleura rub against each other with each inhalation

A

pleurodynia

113
Q

The excess accumulation of fluid in the pleural space producing a feeling of breathlessness because it prevents the lung from fully expanding

A

pleural effusion

114
Q

The escape of fluid from blood or lymphatic vessels into the tissues or into a body cavity

A

Effusion

115
Q

The presence of pus in the pleural cavity between the layers of the pleural membrane

A

pyothorax (aka empyema of the pleural cavity)

116
Q

py/o

A

pus

117
Q

-thorax

A

chest

118
Q

Empyema

A

a collection of pus in a body cavity

119
Q

Hemothorax

A

a collection of blood in the pleural cavity

120
Q

pneum/o

A

lung or air

121
Q

The accumulation of air in the pleural space resulting in a pressure imbalance that causes the lung to fully or partially collapse

A

pneumothorax

122
Q

A life-threatening condition in which inflammation in the lungs and fluid in the alveoli lead to low levels of O2 in the blood

A

Acute respiratory distress syndrome(ARDS)

123
Q

Atelectasis

A

The incomplete expansion of part or all of a lung d/t a blockage or the air passages or pneumothorax

124
Q

atel

A

incomplete

125
Q

Pulmonary edema

A

fluid in the lung tissues, especially the alveoli

126
Q

Pulmonary embolism

A

the sudden blockage of a pulmonary artery by foreign matter or by an embolus that has formed in the leg or pelvic region

127
Q

Pneumorrhagia

A

bleeding from the lungs

128
Q

An infectious dz caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis that usually attacks the lungs with pleurisy and hemoptyis sxs

A

Tuberculosis (TB)

129
Q

Latent

A

Present but not active

130
Q

Dangerous form of TB that can occur when the prescribed drug regiment is not followed and not all bacteria destroyed

A

Multi-drug resistant tuberculosis

131
Q

A serious inflammation of the lungs in which the alveoli and air passages fill with pus and other fluids most commonly caused by an infection ( bacterial, flu, etc)

A

Pneumonia

132
Q

Bronchopneumonia

A

A localized of form of bacterial PNA that affects the bronchioles and often leads to lobar PNA

133
Q

Lobar PNA

A

affects larger areas of the lungs, often one or more lobes

134
Q

Double PNA

A

lobar pna involving both lungs and is usually a form of bacterial pna

135
Q

Aspiration pneumonia

A

occurs when a foreign substance, such as vomit, is inhaled into the lungs

136
Q

Bacterial pna

A

caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae

137
Q

Community-acquired pna (CAP)

A

occurs in outside of hospital or clinic and can be caused by bacteria, virus, or fungi. Most common form.

138
Q

Hospital-acquired pna

A

aka nosocomial pna- contracted during hospital stay when defenses are impaired

139
Q

Walking pneumonia

A

aka mycoplasma pna- milder but longer lasting pna

140
Q

Pneumocystis pneumonia

A

an opportunistic infection caused by the yeast-like fungus Pneumocystis carinii

141
Q

Viral pneumonia

A

can be caused by several different types of viruses

142
Q

A group of disorders that cause inflammation and scarring of the alveoli and their supporting structures. The tissue around the alveoli become scarred or stiff, leading to a reduction of O2 being transferred to the blood.

A

Interstitial lung disease

143
Q

Interstitial

A

relating to spaces within or around a tissue or organ

144
Q

The progressive formation of scar tissue in the lung, resulting in decreased lung capacity and increased difficulty breathing.

A

Pulmonary fibrosis

145
Q

fibros

A

fibrous connective tissue

146
Q

Fibrosis

A

a condition in which normal tissue is replaced by fibrotic (hardened) tissue

147
Q

Any fibrosis of the lung tissues caused by dust in the lungs after prolonged environmental or occupational contact

A

Pneumoconiosis

148
Q

coni

A

dust

149
Q

-osis

A

abnormal condition or disease

150
Q

Caused by asbestos particles in the lungs

A

Asbestosis

151
Q

Caused by inhaling silica dust in the lungs

A

Silicosis

152
Q

silic

A

glass

153
Q

A life-threatening genetic d/o in which the lungs and pancreas are clogged with large quantities of abnormally thick mucus

A

Cystic fibrosis (CF)

154
Q

A condition in which cancer cells form in the tissues of the lung

A

Lung CA

155
Q

Eupnea

A

easy or normal breathing

156
Q

eu-

A

good

157
Q

-pnea

A

breathing

158
Q

Apnea

A

the temporary absence of spontaneous respiration

159
Q

Bradypnea

A

abnormally slow rate of respiration

160
Q

Cheyne-Stokes respiration

A

an irregular pattern of breathing characterized by alternating rapid or shallow respiration followed by slower respiration or apnea.

161
Q

Tachypnea

A

an abnormally rapid rate of respiration

162
Q

Dyspnea

A

aka SOB; difficult or labored breathing

163
Q

dys-

A

painful

164
Q

Hyperpnea

A

breathing that is deeper and more rapid than normal at rest. Common with exertion, high altitude, anemia, sepsis

165
Q

Hypopnea

A

shallow or slow respiration

166
Q

Hyperventilation

A

abnormally rapid rate of deep respiration that is usually associated with anxiety which decreases the level of CO2 in the blood, causing dizziness and tingling in the fingers and toes

167
Q

A potentially serious d/o in which breathing stops and starts during sleep for periods long enough to cause a measurable decrease in blood O2 levels

A

Sleep apnea

168
Q

What is obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) caused from?

A

The muscles at the back of the throat relaxing and narrowing the airways.

169
Q

What is snoring caused by and what can it be a sx of?

A

Vibration of the soft palate; sleep apnea

170
Q

The act of coughing up and spitting out saliva, mucus, or other body fluid

A

expectoration

171
Q

expector

A

to cough up

172
Q

-ation

A

state or action

173
Q

The expectoration of blood or blood-stained sputum derived from the lungs or bronchial tubes as the result of a pulmonary or bronchial hemorrhage

A

Hemoptysis

174
Q

-ptysis

A

spitting

175
Q

Occurs when food or a foreign object blocks the airway andprevents air from entering or leaving the lungs.

A

Airway obstruction (aka choking)

176
Q

Another name for abdominal thrusts

A

Heimlich maneuver

177
Q

The absence of O2 from the body’s tissues and organs even though there is an adequate flow of blood

A

anoxia

178
Q

an-

A

without

179
Q

ox

A

oxygen

180
Q

-ia

A

abnormal condition

181
Q

The condition of having deficient O2 levels in the body’s tissues and organs (less severe than anoxia)

A

hypoxia

182
Q

hyp-

A

deficient

183
Q

A condition that can be brought on by the decreased O2 in the air at higher altitudes

A

altitude hypoxia, or altitude sickness

184
Q

The loss of consciousness that occurs when the body cannot get the O2 it needs to function.

A

Asphyxia

185
Q

Asphyxiation

A

a state of asphyxia or suffocation

186
Q

Cyanosis

A

a bluish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes caused by a lack of adequate O2 in the blood

187
Q

Hypercapnia

A

the abnormal buildup of CO2 in the blood

188
Q

capn

A

carbon dioxide

189
Q

Hypoxemia

A

the condition of having low O2 levels in the blood

190
Q

A condition in which the level of O2 in the blood becomes dangerously low (hypoxemia) or the level of CO2 becomes dangerously high (hypercapnia)

A

Respiratory failure (RF)

191
Q

Damage to the lungs in which particles from a fire coat the alveoli and prevent the normal exchange of gases

A

smoke inhalation

192
Q

The sudden and unexplainable death of an apparently healthy sleeping infant

A

Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)

193
Q

A count of the number of breaths per minute

A

respiratory rate

194
Q

Respiratory sounds

A

rales, rhonchi, stridor (provide info about the condition of lungs and pleura)

195
Q

The visual examination of the bronch using a bronchoscope

A

bronchoscopy

196
Q

Another name for chest imaging, tool for diagnosing pna, lung ca, pneumothorax, pleural effusion, TB, emphysema

A

chest x-ray

197
Q

The visual exam of the larynx and vocal cords using a flexible or rigid laryngoscope inserted through the mouth

A

laryngoscopy

198
Q

A handheld device used to let patients with asthma measure air flowing out of the lungs, revealing any narrowing of the airways in advance of an asthma attack

A

peak flow meter

199
Q

Polysomnography

A

sleep study

200
Q

poly-

A

many

201
Q

somn/o

A

sleep

202
Q

A group of tests that measure volume and flow of air by using a spirometer

A

pulmonary function tests (PFTs)

203
Q

A recording device that measures the amount of air inhaled or exhaled and the length of time required for each breat

A

spirometer

204
Q

spir/o

A

to breathe

205
Q

-meter

A

to measure

206
Q

Used to help patients who have recently had surgery keep their lungs healthy during recovery

A

incentive spirometer

207
Q

An external monitor placed on the patient’s fingertip or earlobe to measure the O2 saturation level in the blood.

A

pulse oximeter

208
Q

A procedure in which a sample of mucus is coughed up from the lungs and then examined under a microscope to detect CA cells

A

sputum cytology

209
Q

sputum

A

phlegm ejected through the mouth

210
Q

phlegm

A

thick mucus secreted by the tissues lining the respiratory system

211
Q

Screening test for TB

A

Tuberculin skin testing aka Mantoux PPD skin test

212
Q

Administered to prevent or relieve cough

A

antitussive aka cough medicine

213
Q

tuss

A

cough

214
Q

-ive

A

performs

215
Q

An inhaled med that relaxes and expands the bronchial passages into the lungs

A

bronchodilator

216
Q

Administers a specific amount of medicine such as a bronchodilator in aerosol form.

A

metered-dose inhaler (MDI)

217
Q

an electronic device that pumps air or oxygen through a liquid medicine to turn it into a mist, which is then inhaled by the pt by a mask or mouthpiece

A

nebulizer

218
Q

2 kinds of asthma meds

A
  1. Controller medicines (such as inhaled corticosteroids= long-acting)
  2. Quick-relief or rescue medications
219
Q

Endotracheal intubation (ETT)

A

the passage of a tube through the mouth into the trachea to establish or maintain n open airway

220
Q

endo-

A

within

221
Q

A procedure performed using an endoscope in which chronic sinusitis is treated by enlarging the opening between the nose and sinus

A

Functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS)

222
Q

laryngectomy

A

the surgical removal of the larynx

223
Q

laryngotomy

A

a surgical incision into the larynx

224
Q

Septoplasty

A

the surgical repair or alteration of parts of the nasal septum

225
Q

sept/o

A

septum

226
Q

Tracheostomy

A

the surgical creation of a stoma into the trachea to insert a temporary or permanant tube to facilitate breathing

227
Q

Stoma

A

a surgically created opening on a body surface

228
Q

tracheotomy

A

a procedure in which an incision is made into the trachea to gain access to the airway below a blockage

229
Q

pneumonectomy

A

surgical removal of all or part of lung

230
Q

lobectomy

A

surgical removal of a lobe of an organ, usually lung, brain, liver

231
Q

wedge resection

A

a surgery in which a small wedge-shaped piece of cancerous lung tissue is removed

232
Q

thoracentesis

A

the surgical puncture of the chest wall with a needle to obtain fluid from the pleural cavity

233
Q

-centesis

A

surgical puncture to remove fluid

234
Q

thoracotomy

A

a surgical incision into the chest walls to open the pleural cavity for biopsy or tx

235
Q

thorac

A

chest

236
Q

The use of a thoracoscope the view the inside of the pleural cavity through very small incisions

A

Video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS)

237
Q

3 txs for CF

A
  1. Pancreative enzymes 2. bronchodilators 3. chest percussion
238
Q

diaphragmatic breathing

A

aka abdominal breathing, a relaxation technique used to relieve anxiety

239
Q

A noninvasive ventilation device used in the tx of sleep apnea

A

CPAP machine (continuous positive airway pressure)

240
Q

BiPAP machine

A

bilevel positive airway pressure), like a CPAP but can be set at a higher pressure for inhaling and lower pressure for exhaling

241
Q

An emergency resuscitator used to assist ventilation with a flexible air chamber that is squeezed

A

Ambu bag or bag valve mask

242
Q

A mechanical device for artificial respiration

A

a ventilator

243
Q

Administered when the patient is unable to maintain an adequate O2 saturation level in the blood from breathing normal air

A

Supplemental oxygen

244
Q

How is supplemental o2 delivered (3 ways)

A
  1. nasal cannula
  2. rebreather mask (allows the exhaled breath to be partially reused)
  3. non-rebreather mask (allows higher levels of O2 to be added to the air taken in by the patient)
245
Q

Involves breathing pure O2 in a special chamber that allows air pressure to be raised up to 3x higher than normal where lungs and bloodstream can absorb more O2

A

Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy

Medical Terminology for Health Professions (9 decks)

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