Chapter 7 The Respiratory System Flashcards
bronch/o, bronchi/o
bronchial tube, bronchus
laryng/o
larynx, throat
nas/o
nose
ox/i, ox/o, ox/y
oxygen
pharyng/o
throat, pharynx
phon/o
sound, voice
pleur/o
pleura, side of the body
-pnea
breathing
pneum/o, pneumon/o, pneu-
lung, air
pulm/o, pulmon/o
lung
sinus/o
sinus
somn/o
sleep
spir/o
to breathe
thorac/o, -thorax
chest, pleural cavity
trache/o, trachea
windpipe, trachea
4 functions of the respiratory system
- Deliver air to the lungs
- Convey oxygen from the inhaled air to the blood for delivery to the body cells
- Expel waste products (carbon dioxide and a small amount of water) returned to the lungs by the blood through exhalation
- Produce the airflow through the larynx that makes speech possible
Upper respiratory tract
- Nose
- mouth
- pharynx
- epiglottis
- larynx
- trachea
lower respiratory tract
- bronchial tree
2. lungs
Where is the lower respiratory tract located?
the thoracic cavity, or thorax, aka rib cage
The interior portion of the nose
nasal cavity
The external openings of the nose
nostrils
Wall of cartilage that divides the nose into 2 equal sections
nasal septum
What is located inside the nostrils to filter incoming air to remove debris?
Cilia
Lines the nose
mucous membranes
Produced by the mucous membranes that protect and lubricates, helps moisten, warm, and filter air in nose
mucus
Nerve endings that act as the receptors for the sense of smell (and taste) located in them mucous membrane in the upper part of the nasal cavity
olfactory receptors
What do the tonsils and adenoids do?
help protect the body from infection coming through the nose or mouth
Another name for tonsils and where are they located?
palatine tonsils; back of mouth
Another name for adenoids and where are they located?
nasopharyngeal tonsils; higher up than palatine tonsils, behing the nose and roof of mouth
Air-filled cavities lined with mucous membranes located in the bones of the skull
Paranasal sinuses
para-
near
3 functions of the sinuses
- to make the bones of the skull lighter
- to help produce sound by giving resonance to the voice
- to produce mucus to provide lubrication for tissues of the nasal cavity
Name the 4 paranasal sinuses
- frontal sinuses
- sphenoid sinuses
- maxillary sinuses
- ethmoid sinuses
Throat
Pharynx
3 divisions of the pharynx
nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx
Function of the pharynx
receive air and food
This portion of the pharynx is located posterior to the nasal cavity and downward behind the mouth and receives air
nasopharynx
This division of the pharynx is visible when looking into the mouth and receives air, food, and fluids
oropharynx
The third division of the pharynx that receives and transports air, food, and fluids to the esophagus and trachea
laryngopharynx
AKA voice box, located between the pharynx and trachea
Larynx
Where are the vocal cords located and what is their function?
In the larynx; During breathing, they are separated to let air pass. During speech, they close together, and sound is produced as air is expelled from the lungs, causing cords to vibrate against each other.
Describe the protective swallowing mechanisms of the pharynx
To protect that only air and not food enter the lungs:
- The SOFT PALATE, which is the muscular portion of the roof of the mouth, moves up and backward during swallowing to close off the nasoharynx
- The EPIGLOTTIS, which is a lid-like structure located at the base of the tongue, swings downward and closes off the laryngopharynx so food doesn’t enter the trachea/lungs.
What is the function of the trachea and where is it located?
to transport air to and from the lungs; aka windpipe; located directly in front of the esophagus. it is held open by flexible cartilage so it can compress so food can go into the esophagus
2 large tubes which branch out from the trachea and convey air into the lungs
BRONCHI (aka primary bronchi, bronchial tree)
Subdivisions of the bronchi within the lungs
BRONCHIOLES
Air sacs found at the end of each bronchiole
Alveoli
What is the function of the alveoli?
where the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide take place.
Pulmonary
relating to or affecting the lungs
Produced by the alveoli which reduces the surface tension of the fluid of the lungs so they do not collapse with exhalation.
surfactant
The essential organs of respiration
lungs
Describe the right lung
larger w/3 lobes- upper, middle, lower
Describe the left lung
Only has 2 lobes- the upper and lower- so it has room for the heart
The middle section of the chest cavity located b/w the lungs containing connective tissue, heart, esphophagus, trachea, bronchi, thymus gland, lymph nodes
the Mediastinum
A thin, moist, slippery membrane that covers the out surface of the lungs and lines the inner surface of the thoracic cavity
the pleura
List the layers of the pleura from outer to inner
- parietal pleura
- pleural cavity
- visceral pleura
Parietal
relating to the walls of a cavity
The outer layer of the pleura that lines the walls of the thoracic cavity, covers the diaphragm, fors the sace containing each lung, and is attached to the chest wall
parietal pleura
The inner layer of pleura that covers each lung and is attached directly to the lungs
visceral pleura
Visceral
relating to the internal organs
The thin, fluid-filled space b/w the parietal and visceral pleural membranes that acts as a lubricant allowing membranes to slide easily over each other during respiration.
the pleural cavity (aka pleural space)
The muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdomen. It’s contraction and relaxation of this muscle that makes breathing possible.
the Diaphragm (aka thoracic diaphragm)
What stimulates the diaphragm and causes it to contract?
the phrenic nerves
Respiration
aka breathing; the exhange of O2 for CO2 that is essential to life.
A single breath consists of what?
One inhalation and one exhalation
Ventilation
another word for moving air in and out of the lungs
Inhalation
the act of taking in air as the diaphragm contracts and pulls downward causing the thoracic cavity to expand producing a vacuum that draws air into the lungs
Exhalation
the act of breathing out- the diaphragm relaxes, moving upward, causing the thoracic cavity to become narrower, forcing air out of the lungs
The act of bringing air in and out of the lungs from the outside environment and, in the process, exchanging O2 for CO2.
External respiration
The exchange of gases within the cells of the blood and tissues
internal respiration ( aka cellular respiration)
An ENT physician with specialized training in head and neck d/os
otolaryngologist
ot/o
ear
A physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating d/os or the respiratory system
pulmonologist
Performs operations of the organs inside the thorax, or chest, including the heart, lungs, and esophagus
A thoracic surgeon
A group of lung diseases in which the bronchial airflow is obstructed, making it difficult to breathe out
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
2 conditions related to COPD
chronic bronchitis and emphysema
A disease in which the airways have become inflamed due to recurrent exposure to an inhaled irritant, usually cigarette smoke. An increase in mucus producing cells= increased mucus=chronic coughing
Chronic bronchitis
The progressive, long term loss of lung function, usually d/t smoking characterized by a decrease in the total number of alveoli making breathing difficult
Emphysema
Why do people with emphysema get barrel chest?
As the alveoli are destroyed, breathing becomes increasingly rapid, shallow, and difficult. In an effort to compensate for the loss of capacity, the lungs chronically overinflate, and the rib cage stays partially expanded all the time.
A chronical inflammatory dz of the bronchial tubes, often triggered by an allergic rx
Asthma
Characterized by episodes of severe breathing difficulty, coughing, and wheezing
an Asthma attack
A breathing sound caused by a partially obstructed airway
wheezing
The swelling and clogging of the broncial tubes with mucus usually occuring after the airway has been exposed to inhaled allergens
Airway inflammation
A contraction of the smooth muscle in the walls of the bronchi and bronchioles, tightening and squeezing the airway shut
Bronchospasm
-spasm
involuntary contraction
The narrowing of the airways that develops after 5-15 minutes of physical exertion
Exercise-induced asthma
Term used to describe the common cold
Upper respiratory infection (aka acture nasopharyngitis)
URIs are caused by what? What is the most common?
Any one of 200 different viruses. The most common is HUMAN RHINOVIRUS.
An allergic rx to airborne allergens that causes an increased flow of mucus
Allergic rhinitis (commonly referred to as an allergy)
An inflammation of the lining of the nose caused by something other than an allergen, such as cold air, spicy food, or medication
Nonallergic rhinitis
An acute respiratory infection in children/infants characterized by obstruction of the larynx, hoarseness, and swelling around the vocal cords resulting in a barking cough and stridor.
CROUP
Stridor
A harsh, high-pitched sound caused by a blockage present when breathing in
An acute bacterial infection of the throat and upper respiratory tract that produce toxins that damage the heart and peripheral nerves
Diphtheria
AKA nose bleed
Epistaxis
An acute, highly contagious viral infection characterized by respiratory inflammation, fever, chills, and muscle pain
Influenza (flu)
A contagious bacterial infection of the upper respiratory tract characterized by recurrent bouts of a paroxysmal cough, followed by breathlessness and a noisy inspiration
Pertussis (ADA WHOOPING COUGH)
Paroxysmal
sudden or spasmlike
AKA Runny nose
Rhinorrhea
Sinusitis
inflammation of the sinuses
AKA sore throat, an inflammation of the pharynx
Pharyngitis
Pharyngitis caused by the bacteria Streptococcus
strep throat
The sudden spasmodic closure of the larynx
laryngospasm
-spasm
a sudden involuntary contraction
Aphonia
the loss of the ability of the larynx to produce normal speech sounds
Dysphonia
difficulty in speaking
Laryngitis
an inflammation of the larynx
Tracheorrhagia
bleeding from the mucous membranes of the trachea
Bronchiectasis
the permanent dilation of the bronchi, caused by infection and inflammation
-ectasis
stretching or enlargement (boing)
Bronchorrhea
an excessive d/c of mucus from the bronchi often caused by chronic bronchitis or asthma
-isy
noun ending
Pleurisy
aka pleuritis, an inflammation of the pleura
A sharp pain that occurs when the inflamed membranes of the pleura rub against each other with each inhalation
pleurodynia
The excess accumulation of fluid in the pleural space producing a feeling of breathlessness because it prevents the lung from fully expanding
pleural effusion
The escape of fluid from blood or lymphatic vessels into the tissues or into a body cavity
Effusion
The presence of pus in the pleural cavity between the layers of the pleural membrane
pyothorax (aka empyema of the pleural cavity)
py/o
pus
-thorax
chest
Empyema
a collection of pus in a body cavity
Hemothorax
a collection of blood in the pleural cavity
pneum/o
lung or air
The accumulation of air in the pleural space resulting in a pressure imbalance that causes the lung to fully or partially collapse
pneumothorax
A life-threatening condition in which inflammation in the lungs and fluid in the alveoli lead to low levels of O2 in the blood
Acute respiratory distress syndrome(ARDS)
Atelectasis
The incomplete expansion of part or all of a lung d/t a blockage or the air passages or pneumothorax
atel
incomplete
Pulmonary edema
fluid in the lung tissues, especially the alveoli
Pulmonary embolism
the sudden blockage of a pulmonary artery by foreign matter or by an embolus that has formed in the leg or pelvic region
Pneumorrhagia
bleeding from the lungs
An infectious dz caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis that usually attacks the lungs with pleurisy and hemoptyis sxs
Tuberculosis (TB)
Latent
Present but not active
Dangerous form of TB that can occur when the prescribed drug regiment is not followed and not all bacteria destroyed
Multi-drug resistant tuberculosis
A serious inflammation of the lungs in which the alveoli and air passages fill with pus and other fluids most commonly caused by an infection ( bacterial, flu, etc)
Pneumonia
Bronchopneumonia
A localized of form of bacterial PNA that affects the bronchioles and often leads to lobar PNA
Lobar PNA
affects larger areas of the lungs, often one or more lobes
Double PNA
lobar pna involving both lungs and is usually a form of bacterial pna
Aspiration pneumonia
occurs when a foreign substance, such as vomit, is inhaled into the lungs
Bacterial pna
caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae
Community-acquired pna (CAP)
occurs in outside of hospital or clinic and can be caused by bacteria, virus, or fungi. Most common form.
Hospital-acquired pna
aka nosocomial pna- contracted during hospital stay when defenses are impaired
Walking pneumonia
aka mycoplasma pna- milder but longer lasting pna
Pneumocystis pneumonia
an opportunistic infection caused by the yeast-like fungus Pneumocystis carinii
Viral pneumonia
can be caused by several different types of viruses
A group of disorders that cause inflammation and scarring of the alveoli and their supporting structures. The tissue around the alveoli become scarred or stiff, leading to a reduction of O2 being transferred to the blood.
Interstitial lung disease
Interstitial
relating to spaces within or around a tissue or organ
The progressive formation of scar tissue in the lung, resulting in decreased lung capacity and increased difficulty breathing.
Pulmonary fibrosis
fibros
fibrous connective tissue
Fibrosis
a condition in which normal tissue is replaced by fibrotic (hardened) tissue
Any fibrosis of the lung tissues caused by dust in the lungs after prolonged environmental or occupational contact
Pneumoconiosis
coni
dust
-osis
abnormal condition or disease
Caused by asbestos particles in the lungs
Asbestosis
Caused by inhaling silica dust in the lungs
Silicosis
silic
glass
A life-threatening genetic d/o in which the lungs and pancreas are clogged with large quantities of abnormally thick mucus
Cystic fibrosis (CF)
A condition in which cancer cells form in the tissues of the lung
Lung CA
Eupnea
easy or normal breathing
eu-
good
-pnea
breathing
Apnea
the temporary absence of spontaneous respiration
Bradypnea
abnormally slow rate of respiration
Cheyne-Stokes respiration
an irregular pattern of breathing characterized by alternating rapid or shallow respiration followed by slower respiration or apnea.
Tachypnea
an abnormally rapid rate of respiration
Dyspnea
aka SOB; difficult or labored breathing
dys-
painful
Hyperpnea
breathing that is deeper and more rapid than normal at rest. Common with exertion, high altitude, anemia, sepsis
Hypopnea
shallow or slow respiration
Hyperventilation
abnormally rapid rate of deep respiration that is usually associated with anxiety which decreases the level of CO2 in the blood, causing dizziness and tingling in the fingers and toes
A potentially serious d/o in which breathing stops and starts during sleep for periods long enough to cause a measurable decrease in blood O2 levels
Sleep apnea
What is obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) caused from?
The muscles at the back of the throat relaxing and narrowing the airways.
What is snoring caused by and what can it be a sx of?
Vibration of the soft palate; sleep apnea
The act of coughing up and spitting out saliva, mucus, or other body fluid
expectoration
expector
to cough up
-ation
state or action
The expectoration of blood or blood-stained sputum derived from the lungs or bronchial tubes as the result of a pulmonary or bronchial hemorrhage
Hemoptysis
-ptysis
spitting
Occurs when food or a foreign object blocks the airway andprevents air from entering or leaving the lungs.
Airway obstruction (aka choking)
Another name for abdominal thrusts
Heimlich maneuver
The absence of O2 from the body’s tissues and organs even though there is an adequate flow of blood
anoxia
an-
without
ox
oxygen
-ia
abnormal condition
The condition of having deficient O2 levels in the body’s tissues and organs (less severe than anoxia)
hypoxia
hyp-
deficient
A condition that can be brought on by the decreased O2 in the air at higher altitudes
altitude hypoxia, or altitude sickness
The loss of consciousness that occurs when the body cannot get the O2 it needs to function.
Asphyxia
Asphyxiation
a state of asphyxia or suffocation
Cyanosis
a bluish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes caused by a lack of adequate O2 in the blood
Hypercapnia
the abnormal buildup of CO2 in the blood
capn
carbon dioxide
Hypoxemia
the condition of having low O2 levels in the blood
A condition in which the level of O2 in the blood becomes dangerously low (hypoxemia) or the level of CO2 becomes dangerously high (hypercapnia)
Respiratory failure (RF)
Damage to the lungs in which particles from a fire coat the alveoli and prevent the normal exchange of gases
smoke inhalation
The sudden and unexplainable death of an apparently healthy sleeping infant
Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)
A count of the number of breaths per minute
respiratory rate
Respiratory sounds
rales, rhonchi, stridor (provide info about the condition of lungs and pleura)
The visual examination of the bronch using a bronchoscope
bronchoscopy
Another name for chest imaging, tool for diagnosing pna, lung ca, pneumothorax, pleural effusion, TB, emphysema
chest x-ray
The visual exam of the larynx and vocal cords using a flexible or rigid laryngoscope inserted through the mouth
laryngoscopy
A handheld device used to let patients with asthma measure air flowing out of the lungs, revealing any narrowing of the airways in advance of an asthma attack
peak flow meter
Polysomnography
sleep study
poly-
many
somn/o
sleep
A group of tests that measure volume and flow of air by using a spirometer
pulmonary function tests (PFTs)
A recording device that measures the amount of air inhaled or exhaled and the length of time required for each breat
spirometer
spir/o
to breathe
-meter
to measure
Used to help patients who have recently had surgery keep their lungs healthy during recovery
incentive spirometer
An external monitor placed on the patient’s fingertip or earlobe to measure the O2 saturation level in the blood.
pulse oximeter
A procedure in which a sample of mucus is coughed up from the lungs and then examined under a microscope to detect CA cells
sputum cytology
sputum
phlegm ejected through the mouth
phlegm
thick mucus secreted by the tissues lining the respiratory system
Screening test for TB
Tuberculin skin testing aka Mantoux PPD skin test
Administered to prevent or relieve cough
antitussive aka cough medicine
tuss
cough
-ive
performs
An inhaled med that relaxes and expands the bronchial passages into the lungs
bronchodilator
Administers a specific amount of medicine such as a bronchodilator in aerosol form.
metered-dose inhaler (MDI)
an electronic device that pumps air or oxygen through a liquid medicine to turn it into a mist, which is then inhaled by the pt by a mask or mouthpiece
nebulizer
2 kinds of asthma meds
- Controller medicines (such as inhaled corticosteroids= long-acting)
- Quick-relief or rescue medications
Endotracheal intubation (ETT)
the passage of a tube through the mouth into the trachea to establish or maintain n open airway
endo-
within
A procedure performed using an endoscope in which chronic sinusitis is treated by enlarging the opening between the nose and sinus
Functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS)
laryngectomy
the surgical removal of the larynx
laryngotomy
a surgical incision into the larynx
Septoplasty
the surgical repair or alteration of parts of the nasal septum
sept/o
septum
Tracheostomy
the surgical creation of a stoma into the trachea to insert a temporary or permanant tube to facilitate breathing
Stoma
a surgically created opening on a body surface
tracheotomy
a procedure in which an incision is made into the trachea to gain access to the airway below a blockage
pneumonectomy
surgical removal of all or part of lung
lobectomy
surgical removal of a lobe of an organ, usually lung, brain, liver
wedge resection
a surgery in which a small wedge-shaped piece of cancerous lung tissue is removed
thoracentesis
the surgical puncture of the chest wall with a needle to obtain fluid from the pleural cavity
-centesis
surgical puncture to remove fluid
thoracotomy
a surgical incision into the chest walls to open the pleural cavity for biopsy or tx
thorac
chest
The use of a thoracoscope the view the inside of the pleural cavity through very small incisions
Video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS)
3 txs for CF
- Pancreative enzymes 2. bronchodilators 3. chest percussion
diaphragmatic breathing
aka abdominal breathing, a relaxation technique used to relieve anxiety
A noninvasive ventilation device used in the tx of sleep apnea
CPAP machine (continuous positive airway pressure)
BiPAP machine
bilevel positive airway pressure), like a CPAP but can be set at a higher pressure for inhaling and lower pressure for exhaling
An emergency resuscitator used to assist ventilation with a flexible air chamber that is squeezed
Ambu bag or bag valve mask
A mechanical device for artificial respiration
a ventilator
Administered when the patient is unable to maintain an adequate O2 saturation level in the blood from breathing normal air
Supplemental oxygen
How is supplemental o2 delivered (3 ways)
- nasal cannula
- rebreather mask (allows the exhaled breath to be partially reused)
- non-rebreather mask (allows higher levels of O2 to be added to the air taken in by the patient)
Involves breathing pure O2 in a special chamber that allows air pressure to be raised up to 3x higher than normal where lungs and bloodstream can absorb more O2
Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy
