Chapter 6 The Lymphatic & Immune Systems Flashcards
lymph/o
lymph
lymphangi/o
lymphatic vessels and ducts
lymphaden/o
lymph nodes
tonsill/o, adenoid/o
tonsils and adenoids
splen/o
spleen
myel/o
bone marrow
lymphocyt/o
lymphocytes
thym/o
thymus
The fluid that removes cellular waste products, pathogens, and dead blood cells from the tissues
Lymph
The capillaries, vessels, and ducts that return lymph from the tissues to the venous bloodstream.
Lymphatic vessels and ducts
Bean-shaped structures of the lymphatic system where pathogens and other harmful substances are filtered from the lymph by specialized cells of the immune system
Lymph Nodes
Lymphoid structures of the lymphatic system that protect the entry to the respiratory system.
Tonsils and Adenoids
A sac-like mass of lymphoid tissue with protective roles in both the immune and lymphatic systems.
Spleen
Produces lymphocytes
Bone Marrow
Specialized leukocytes that play important roles in immune reactions.
Lymphocytes
A gland located in the upper chest with specialized roles in both the lymphatic and immune systems.
Thymus
anti-
against
carcin/o
cancerous
immun/o
immune, protection, safe
neo-, ne/o
new, strange
-oma
tumor, neoplasm
onc/o
tumor
phag/o
eat, swallow
-plasm
formative material of cells
sarc/o
flesh, connective tissue
-tic
pertaining to
tox/o
poison, poisonous
What are the 3 main functions of the lymphatic system?
- Absorb fats and fat-soluble vitamins through the lacteals of the small intestine
- Remove waste products from the tissues and cooperate with the immune system in destroying invading pathogens.
- Return filtered lymph to the veins at the base of the neck.
What are villi, where are they located, and what do they contain?
Small fingerlike projections in the small intestine that contain lacteals and blood vessels.
Specialized structures of the lymphatic system that absorb fats that cannot be transported in the bloodstream. Instead they are transported via lymphatic vessels to venous circulation so they can be used throughout the body as nutrients.
Lacteals
Plasma from arterial blood that flows out of the arterioles and into the capillaries, and then flows into the spaces b/w the cells of the tissues. It delivers nutrients, O2, and hormones to cells and takes back waste products and protein molecules that were created within cells. 90% of this fluid returns to bloodstream.
Interstitial fluid (aka intercellular or tissue fluid)
A clear, watery fluid containing electrolytes and proteins that makes up 10% of the interstitial fluid and plays role in lymphatic and immune systems.
Lymph
Differences in the lymphatic circulatory system
- Depends on pumping motion of muscles instead of heart
- Only flows in one direction- upward until it returns to the circulatory system at the base of the neck.
- Lymph is filtered by lymph nodes instead of the kidneys
- Not readily visible since it is clear.
Microscopic, sealed on one end tubes located near the surface of the body with capillary walls that are only one cell in thickness. As they close, push lymph upwards.
lymphatic capillaries
Where does lymph flow into after lymphatic capillaries?
into lymphatic vessels located deeper within tissues
How are lymphatic vessels like veins?
The have valves to prevent backflow of lymph
Lymphatic vessels eventually join together to form what?
The right lymphatic duct and the thoracic duct
Collects lymph from the right side of the head and neck, the upper right quadrant of the body, and the right arm and empties into the right subclavian vein.
Right lymphatic duct
Largest lymphatic vessels of the body that collects lymph from the left side of the head and neck, the upper left quadrant of the trunk, the left arm, lower portion of trunk and legs and empties into the left subclavian vein.
thoracic duct
cervic
neck
-al
pertaining to
axill
armpit
-ary
pertaining to
inguin
groin
Location of cervical lymph nodes.
along the sides of the neck
Location of axillary lymph nodes.
in armpits
Location of inguinal lymph nodes.
the inguinal (groin) area of the lower abdomen
-cytes
cells
Where are lymphocytes formed?
in bone marrow as stem cells
antigen
any substance that the body regards as being foreign (includes viruses, bacteria, toxins, and transplanted tissues)
3 types of lymphcytes
Natural killer cells, B cells, T cells
Lymphocytes that play an important role in the killing of cancer cells and cells infected by viruses
natural killer cells (NK cells)
Specialized lymphcytes that produce specific antibodies against viruses and bacteria
B cells (aka B lymphocytes)
Develop from B cells and secrete a large volume of antibodies coded to detroy specific antigens
Plasma cells
Lymphocytes that originate in the thymus that play a role in cell-mediated immunity
T cells (aka T lymphocytes)
group of proteins released by T cells that are signals to begin immune response
Cytokines
Protein produced in response to mostly viruses and tumor cell antigens and activate the immune system, slow antigen multiplication, and signal other cells
Interferons
Protein that plays roles in the immune system, including directing B and T cells to divide and proliferate
Interleukins
The masses of lymphoid tissue that form a protective ring around the back of the nose and upper throat
tonsils
3 tonsils
adenoids, palatine tonsils, lingual tonsils
Tonsils located in the nasopharynx (upper part of pharynx)
adenoids (aka naspharyngeal tonsils)
Tonsils located on the left and right sides of the throat
palatine tonsils
palatine
the hard and soft palates that form the roof of the mouth
Tonsils that are located at the base of the tongue
lingual tonsils
Mass of lymphoid tissue located above the heart that secretes a hormone that stimulates the maturation of lymphocytes into T cells
thymus (gland)
Hangs from the lower portion of the cecum/large intestine and may play an important role in the immune system
the vermiform appendix (aka appendix)
-lytic
to destroy
What is the hemolytic function of the spleen?
destroys worn-out erythrocytes and releases their hemoglobin for reuse
The immune system’s first line of defense
- Intact Skin (with it’s acid mantle)
- Respiratory system(nose hairs & mucous membranes; tonsils, coughing, sneezing)
- Digestive system (acids and enzymes)
- Lymphatic system (leukocytes)
Involves binding antigens to antibodies which labels an antigen so it can be recognized and destroyed by other cells of the immune system.
antigen-antibody reaction (aka immune reaction)
An acquired unresponsiveness to a specific antigen
tolerance
A disease-fighting protein created by the immune system in response to the presence of a specific antigen
antibody (aka immunoglobulin)
Most abundant class of antibodies found in blood serum and lymph that are active against bacteria, fungi, viruses, and foreign particles
Immunoglobulin G (IgG)
Class of antibodies against ingested antigens found in body secretions.
IgA
Class of antibodies found in circulating body fluids first to appear in response to an initial exposure to an antigen
IgM
Class of antibodies found only on the surface of B cells for their activation
IgD
Class of antibodies produced in lungs, skin, and mucous membranes responsible for allergic reactions
IgE
Specialized leukocytes that act as part of the antigen-antibody reaction by destroying substances such as cell debris, dust, pollen, and pathogens by the process of phagocytosis
Phagocytes
Phagocytosis
the process of destroying pathogens by surrounding and swallowing them
4 kinds of phagocytes
Monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, mast cells
Leukocytes/phagocytes that provide immunological defenses again many infectious organisms and replenish macrophages and dendritic cells.
monocytes
Type of leukocyte/phagocyte the surrounds and kills invading cells
macrophage
-phage
a cell that eats
Leukocyte/phagocyte that patrols the body searching for antigens, eats it and then alerts the B & T cells to act against this specific antigen
dendritic cells
A group of proteins that normally circulate in the blood in an inactive form but when needed complement the ability of antibodies to ward of pathogens
the complement system
The state of being resistant to a specific disease
immunity
Resistance to a disease present without the administration of an antigen or exposure to a disease
natural immunity (passive immunity)
Resistance to a disease by being exposed to it or by getting vaccinated for it
Acquired immunity
Medical professional who specializes in diagnosing and treating conditions of altered immunologic reactivity, such as allergic reactions
allergist
Specializes in diagnosing and treating disorders of the immune system
immunologist
