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Medical Terminology for Health Professions > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

The Muscular System

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Function of muscles

A

Make body movement possible, hold body erect, move body fluids, and produce body heat

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2
Q

Combining forms for muscles

A

muscul/o, my/o, myos/o

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3
Q

Function of fascia

A

cover, support, and separate muscles

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4
Q

Combining form for fascia

A

fasci/o

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5
Q

Function of tendons

A

attach muscles to bones

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6
Q

Combining forms for tendons

A

ten/o, tend/o, tendin/o

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7
Q

bi

A

twice, double, two

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8
Q

-cele

A

hernia, tumor, swelling

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9
Q

dys-

A

bad, difficult, or painful

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10
Q

fasci/o

A

fascia, fibrous band

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11
Q

fibr/o

A

fibrous tissue, fiber

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12
Q

-ia

A

abnormal condition, disease, plural of -ium

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13
Q

-ic

A

pertaining to

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14
Q

kines/o, kinesi/o

A

movement

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15
Q

my/o

A

muscle

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16
Q

-plegia

A

paralysis, stroke

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17
Q

-rrhexis

A

rupture

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18
Q

tax/o

A

coordination, order

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19
Q

ten/o, tend/o, tendin/o

A

tendon, stretch out, extend, strain

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20
Q

ton/o

A

tone, stretching, tension

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21
Q

tri-

A

three

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22
Q

The long, slender cells that make up muscles

A

muscle fibers

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23
Q

Fascia

A

flexible band of connective tissue that envelops, separates, or binds together muscles or groups of muscles

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24
Q

myofascial

A

pertaining to muscle tissue and fascia

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25
Q

A narrow band of nonelastic, dense, fibrous connective tissue that attaches a muscle to a bone

A

Tendon

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26
Q

Difference between ligaments and tendons.

A

Ligaments join bone to bone. Tendons attach muscle to bone.

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27
Q

Patellar tendon

A

attaches muscles to the bottom of the patella

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28
Q

Achilles tendon

A

attaches the gastrocnemius (calf) muscle to the heel bone

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29
Q

A sheet-like fibrous connective tissue resembling a flattened tendon that connects muscles together or to a bone

A

aponeurosis (plural, aponeuroses)

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30
Q

3 types of muscle tissue

A

skeletal, smooth, myocardial

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31
Q

Type of muscles attached to bones and make body motions possible

A

skeletal muscle (aka voluntary muscles and aka striated (striped) muscles)

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32
Q

Type of muscles located in walls of internal organs and function to move and control the flow of fluids through these structures

A

smooth muscles (involuntary & unstriated & visceral)

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33
Q

Form the muscular walls of the heart

A

myocardial muscles (aka myocardium or cardiac muscle)- striated but involuntary

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34
Q

The stimulation of a muscle by an impulse transmitted by a motor nerve

A

muscle innervation

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35
Q

neuromuscular

A

pertaining to the relationship between a nerve and a muscle

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36
Q

antagonistic

A

working in opposition to each other

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37
Q

The tightening of a muscle

A

contraction

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38
Q

The center of a muscle

A

belly

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39
Q

Occurs when a muscle returns to its original form

A

relaxation

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40
Q

The movement of a limb away from the midline of the body

A

abduction

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41
Q

ab-

A

away from

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42
Q

duct

A

to lead

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43
Q

-ion

A

action

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44
Q

Type of muscle that moves a body part away from the midline

A

abductor

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45
Q

The movement of a limb toward the midline of the body

A

adduction

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46
Q

ad-

A

toward

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47
Q

Type of muscle that moves a body part toward the midline

A

adductor

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48
Q

Decreasing the angle between two bones by bending a limb at a joint

A

Flexion

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49
Q

Type of muscle that bends a limb at a joint

A

flexor muscle

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50
Q

Increasing the angle between two bones or the straightening out of a limb

A

Extension

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51
Q

ex-

A

away from

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52
Q

tens

A

to stretch out

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53
Q

-ion

A

action

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54
Q

flex

A

to bend

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55
Q

Type of muscle that straightens a limb at a joint

A

extensor muscle

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56
Q

The extreme or overextension of a limb or body part beyond its normal limit

A

hyperextension

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57
Q

The act of raising or lifting a body part

A

elevation

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58
Q

Type of muscle that raises a body part

A

levator

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59
Q

levator anguli oris

A

muscles of the face that raise the corners of the mouth into a smile.

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60
Q

The act of lowering a body part

A

depression

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61
Q

Type of muscle that lowers a body part

A

depressor muscle

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62
Q

depressor anguli oris

A

facial muscles that lower the corner of the mouth into a frown

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63
Q

A circular movement around an axis such as the should joint

A

rotation

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64
Q

An imaginary line that runs lengthwise through the center of the body

A

axis

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65
Q

The circular movement at the far end of a limb

A

circumduction

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66
Q

Type of muscle that turns a body part on its axis

A

rotator muscle

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67
Q

The group of muscles and their tendons that hold the head of the humerus in place as it rotates with the shoulder joint

A

rotator cuff

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68
Q

The act of rotating the arm or the leg so that the palm of the hand or sole of the foot is turned forward or upward

A

supination

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69
Q

The act of rotating the arm or leg so that the palm of the hand or sole of the foot is turned downward or backward

A

pronation

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70
Q

The movement that bends the foot upward at the ankle

A

dorsiflexion

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71
Q

The movement that bends the foot downward at the ankle

A

plantar flexion

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72
Q

Plantar

A

pertaining to the sole of the foot

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73
Q

Where the muscle begins

A

origin

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74
Q

Where the muscle ends

A

insertion

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75
Q

More movable muscle attachment and farthest from the midline

A

insertion

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76
Q

The muscle that helps bend the neck and rotate the head

A

sternocleidomastoid muscle

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77
Q

stern/o

A

sternum/breastbone

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78
Q

cleid/o

A

collar bone

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79
Q

Muscle that inserts at one point of insertion into the mastoid process

A

mastoid muscle

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80
Q

Pair of muscles that make flexion and extension of the wrist possible

A

flexor and extensor carpi muscles

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81
Q

A thick, fan-shaped muscle situated on the anterior chest wall.

A

pectoralis major

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82
Q

Pectoral

A

relating to the chest

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83
Q

Lateralis

A

toward the side

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84
Q

Large muscle toward the outer side of the leg

A

vastus lateralis

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85
Q

Medialis

A

toward the midline

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86
Q

a muscle toward the midline of the leg

A

vastus medialis

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87
Q

Oblique

A

slanted or at an angle

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88
Q

Sphincter

A

a ring-like muscle that tightly constricts the opening of a passageway

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89
Q

transverse

A

in a crosswise direction

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90
Q

rectus

A

in straight alignment with the vertical axis of the body

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91
Q

bi-

A

2

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92
Q

tri-

A

3

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93
Q

-ceps

A

head

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94
Q

muscle formed from 2 divisions

A

biceps brachii

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95
Q

muscle formed from three divisions

A

triceps brachii

96
Q

the largest muscle of the buttock

A

gluteus maximus

97
Q

Should muscle shaped like an inverted triangle

A

deltoid muscle

98
Q

Muscle group located in the back of the leg that functions in knee flexion and hip extension

A

hamstring group (biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus)

99
Q

Forehead muscles that raise and lower eyebrows

A

frontalis (or occipitofrontalis)

100
Q

Moves the lower jaw up and back to close the mouth

A

temporalis

101
Q

This strong muscle moves the lower jaw up to close mouth when chewing

A

masseter

102
Q

Chest muscles

A

pectoralis major

103
Q

Muscles that flex and rotate the vertebral column, flex the torso, and compress the abdomen

A

external obliques

104
Q

Muscles that flex the spine, support the abdominal contents, help breathe, and rotate the spine

A

internal obliques

105
Q

Helps flex the trunk, assists in breathing, and supports the spine

A

rectus abdominus

106
Q

Core muscle that is engaged when a person laughs or coughs

A

transverse abdominis

107
Q

Moves the head and shoulder blade

A

trapezius

108
Q

Extends the leg at the knee

A

rectus femoris

109
Q

Flexs and extends the leg at the knee

A

quadriceps femoris (includes vastus lateralis and vastus medialis)

110
Q

Involved in knee flexion and hip extension

A

hamstring group

111
Q

gastrocnemius

A

the calf muscle

112
Q

A specialist who works under the supervision of a physican to develop, implement, and coordinate exercise programs and adminster medical tests to promote physical fitness

A

exercise physiologist

113
Q

a physician who specialized in treating the causes of paralysis and similar muscular disorders in which there is a loss of function

A

neurologist

114
Q

helps enable patients to participate in the activities of daily life, including self-care, education, work, or social interaction

A

occupational therapist

115
Q

a physician who specializes in physical medicine and rehab with the focus on restoring function

A

physiatrist

116
Q

provides treatment to prevent disability or restore function through the use of exercise, heat, massage, or other techniques

A

physical therapist

117
Q

specializes in treating sports-related injuries of the bones, joints, and muscles

A

sports medicine physician

118
Q

Fasciitis

A

(note double ii) inflammation of a fascia

119
Q

fasci

A

fascia

120
Q

A debilitating chronic condition characterized by fatigue; diffuse or specific muscle, joint, or bone pain

A

Fibromyalgia

121
Q

Inflammation of the sheath surrounding a tendon

A

tenosynovitis

122
Q

An inflammation of the tendons caused by excessive or unusual use of the joint

A

tendinitis

123
Q

A disorder of unknown cause that affects many body systems aka myalgic encephalomyelitis

A

chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS)

124
Q

A band of fibrous tissue that holds structures together abnormally

A

adhesion

125
Q

weakness or wearing away of body tissues and structures

A

atrophy

126
Q

tenderness or pain in the muscles

A

myalgia

127
Q

the herniation (protrusion) of muscle substance through a tear

A

myocele

128
Q

The protrusion of a part of a structure through the tissues normally containing it

A

hernia

129
Q

The degeneration of muscle tissue

A

myolysis

130
Q

-lysis

A

destruction or breaking down in disease

131
Q

Means deterioration or breaking down

A

degeneration

132
Q

Means the process of becoming worse

A

deterioration

133
Q

The rupture or tearing of a muscle

A

myorrhexis

134
Q

A muscle disease characterized by the simultaneous inflammation and weakening of voluntary muscles in many parts of the body

A

polymyositis

135
Q

A serious syndrome that can result from a direct or indirect muscle injury

A

rhabdomylosis

136
Q

rhabdomy/o

A

striated muscle

137
Q

The loss of muscle mass, strength, and function that come with aging

A

sarcopenia

138
Q

sarc/o

A

flesh

139
Q

-penia

A

deficiency

140
Q

The state of balanced muscle tension(contraction and relaxation) that makes normal posture, coordination, and movement possible

A

muscle tone

141
Q

Lacking normal muscle tone or strength

A

atonic

142
Q

a-

A

without

143
Q

ton

A

tone

144
Q

-ic

A

pertaining to

145
Q

A condition of abnormal muscle tone that causes the impairment of voluntary muscle movement

A

dystonia

146
Q

A condition in which there is diminished tone of the skeletal muscles

A

hypotonia

147
Q

The lack of muscle coordination during voluntary movement

A

ataxia

148
Q

tax

A

coordination

149
Q

-ia

A

condition

150
Q

The permanent tightening of fascia, muscles, tendons, ligaments, or skin that occurs when normally elastic connective tissues are replaced with nonelastic fibrous tissues

A

contracture

151
Q

Intermittent claudication

A

pain in the leg muscles that occurs during exercise and is relieved by rest.

152
Q

Intermittent

A

coming and going at intervals

153
Q

claudication

A

limping

154
Q

Any sudden, involuntary contraction of one or more muscles

A

spasm

155
Q

A repeated spasm, often involving the eyelids or face

A

tic

156
Q

The quick, involuntary jerking of a muscle or group of muscles

A

myoclonus

157
Q

clon

A

violent action

158
Q

-us

A

singular noun ending

159
Q

Myoclonus of the diaphragm

A

singultus (aka hiccups)

160
Q

A painful localized muscle spasm often named for its cause

A

cramp

161
Q

A stiff neck due to spasmodic contraction of the neck muscles that pull the head toward the affected side

A

Torticollis (aka wryneck)

162
Q

Extreme slowness in movement

A

bradykinesia

163
Q

brady-

A

slow

164
Q

kines

A

movement

165
Q

The distortion or impairment of voluntary movement resulting in fragmented or jerky motions

A

dyskinesia

166
Q

abnormally increased muscle function or activity

A

hyperkinesia (or hyperactivity)

167
Q

A chronic autoimmune disease that affects the neuromuscular junction and produces serious weakness of voluntary muscles.

A

myasthenia gravis

168
Q

-asthenia

A

weakness or lack of strength

169
Q

Gravis

A

Latin word meaning grave or serious

170
Q

General term that describes a group of more than 30 genetic diseases that are characterized by progressive weakness and degeneration of the skeletal muscles that control movement, without affecting the nervous system.

A

muscular dystrophy

171
Q

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD)

A

most common form of muscular dystrophy in children (more severe)

172
Q

Becker muscular dystrophy (BMD)

A

similar, but less severe, than DMD

173
Q

A variety of muscular conditions that result from repeated motions performed in the course of normal work

A

repetitive stress disorders (aka repetitive motion disorders)

174
Q

Involves the compression of nerves and blood vessels due to swelling within an enclosed space created by the fascia that separates groups of muscles.

A

compartment syndrome

175
Q

Minor tissue injuries that have not been given time to heal

A

overuse injuries

176
Q

An inflammation of tendons caused by excessive or unusual use of a joint

A

overuse tendinitis

177
Q

tendin-

A

tendon

178
Q

A chronic pain disorder that affects muscles and fascia throughout the body

A

myofascial pain syndrome

179
Q

Tender areas that most commonly develop where the fascia comes into contact with a muscle

A

Trigger points

180
Q

Pain that originates in one area of the body but is felt in another

A

referred pain

181
Q

Occurs when inflamed and swollen tendon are caught in the narrow space between the bones within the shoulder joint

A

impingement syndrome

182
Q

An inflammation of the tendons of the rotator cuff

A

rotator cuff tendinitis (tennis shoulder, pitcher’s shoulder)

183
Q

Develops when rotator cuff tendinitis is left untreated or if the overuse continues

A

Ruptured rotator cuff

184
Q

Symptoms occur when the tendons that pass through the carpal tunnel are chronically overused and become inflamed and swollen.

A

carpal tunnel syndrome

185
Q

The surgical enlargement of the carpal tunnel or cutting of the carpal ligament to relieve the pressure on the tendons and nerves

A

carpal tunnel release

186
Q

a harmless, fluid-filled swelling that occurs most commonly on the outer surface of the wrist

A

ganglion cyst

187
Q

Inflammation of the tissues surrounding the elbow

A

epicondylitis

188
Q

epi-

A

on

189
Q

condyl

A

condyle

190
Q

Condyle

A

the round prominence at the end of a bone

191
Q

Characterized by pain on the outer side of the forearm

A

lateral epidondylitis (aka tennis elbow)

192
Q

Characterized by pain on the palm-side of the forearm

A

medial epicondylitis

193
Q

A calcium deposit in the plantar fascia near its attachment to the calcaneus

A

heel spur

194
Q

an inflammation of the plantar fascia on the sole of the foot

A

plantar fasciitis

195
Q

An injury to a joint which occurs when a ligament is torn or wrenched

A

sprain

196
Q

An injury to the body of the muscle or to the attachment of a tendon

A

strain

197
Q

A painful condition caused by the tibialis anterior muscle tearing away from the tibia

A

shin splints

198
Q

Incomplete vs. complete injury

A

incomplete means that the person has some function below the level of injury, even though not normal while complete injury means that there is complete loss of sensation and muscle control below the level of the injury

199
Q

The loss of sensation and voluntary muscle movements in a muscle through disease or injury to its nerve supply

A

paralysis

200
Q

myoparesis

A

a weakness or slight muscular paralysis

201
Q

-paresis

A

partial or incomplete paralysis

202
Q

hemiparesis

A

slight paralysis or weakness affecting one side of the body

203
Q

hemiplegia

A

total paralysis affecting only one side of the body

204
Q

-plegia

A

paralysis

205
Q

hemiplegic

A

an individual affected with hemiplegia

206
Q

Paraplegia

A

the paralysis of both legs and the lower part of the body

207
Q

paraplegic

A

an individual affected with paraplegia

208
Q

quadraplegia

A

paralysis of all four extremities

209
Q

quadriplegic

A

an individual affected with quadriplegia

210
Q

Tested with a reflex hammer that is used to strike a tendon

A

deep tendon reflexes (DTRs)

211
Q

Reflex

A

an involuntary response to a stimulus

212
Q

A diagnostic procedure to evaluate joint mobility and muscle strength

A

Range-of-motion testing (ROM)

213
Q

A diagnostic test that measures the electrical activity within muscle fibers in response to nerve stimulation

A

electromyography

214
Q

electromyogram

A

the resulting record of an electromyography

215
Q

muscle biopsy

A

removal of a plug of tissue for examination

216
Q

Administered to suppress smooth muscle contractions of the stomach, intestine, or bladder

A

antispasmodic medicine (aka anticholinergic)

217
Q

An antispasmodic medication that can be given before surgery to relax smooth muscles during surgery

A

atropine

218
Q

Given to relax certain muscles and to relieve the stiffness, pain, and discomfort caused by strains, sprains, or other muscle injuries

A

skeletal muscle relaxant

219
Q

A drug that causes temporary paralysis by blocking the transmission of nerve stimuli to the muscles

A

a neuromuscular blocker (aka neuromuscular blocking agent)

220
Q

The study of the human factors that affect the design and operation of tools and the work environment

A

ergonomics

221
Q

A specialized soft-tissue manipulation technique used to ease the pain of certain conditions

A

myofascial release

222
Q

Consists of activities to promote recovery and rehabilitation to assist patients in perfoming ADLs

A

OT

223
Q

Treatment to prevent disability or restore function through the use of exercise, heat, massage, or other techniques

A

PT

224
Q

Uses high-frequency sound waves to treat muscle injuries by generating heat deep within muscle tissue

A

therapeutic ultrasound

225
Q

Uses a device that delivers electrical impulses through the skin, which cause changes in muscles

A

Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS)

226
Q

RICE

A

Rest, Ice, Compression, and Elevation

227
Q

fasciotomy

A

a surgical incision through the fascia to relieve tension or pressure

228
Q

fascioplasty

A

the surgical repair of a fascia

229
Q

Tenodesis

A

the surgical suturing of the end of a tendon to a bone

230
Q

Tenolysis

A

the release of a tendon from adhesions

231
Q

Tenorrhaphy

A

the surgical suturing together of the divided ends of a tendon

232
Q

Tenotomy

A

a surgical incision into a tendon

233
Q

Used to treat chronic tendon pain by using ultrasound-guided needle insertions to stimulate scar tissue healing within the tendon

A

Ultrasound-guided percutaneous needle tenotomy (PNT)

234
Q

Some of a patient’s blood is injected into the scar tissue to promote increased blood flow and healing

A

platelet-rich plasma therapy

235
Q

Myorrhaphy

A

the surgical suturing of muscle

236
Q

myotomy

A

a surgical incision into a muscle

Medical Terminology for Health Professions (9 decks)

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