Chapter 4 Flashcards
The Muscular System
Function of muscles
Make body movement possible, hold body erect, move body fluids, and produce body heat
Combining forms for muscles
muscul/o, my/o, myos/o
Function of fascia
cover, support, and separate muscles
Combining form for fascia
fasci/o
Function of tendons
attach muscles to bones
Combining forms for tendons
ten/o, tend/o, tendin/o
bi
twice, double, two
-cele
hernia, tumor, swelling
dys-
bad, difficult, or painful
fasci/o
fascia, fibrous band
fibr/o
fibrous tissue, fiber
-ia
abnormal condition, disease, plural of -ium
-ic
pertaining to
kines/o, kinesi/o
movement
my/o
muscle
-plegia
paralysis, stroke
-rrhexis
rupture
tax/o
coordination, order
ten/o, tend/o, tendin/o
tendon, stretch out, extend, strain
ton/o
tone, stretching, tension
tri-
three
The long, slender cells that make up muscles
muscle fibers
Fascia
flexible band of connective tissue that envelops, separates, or binds together muscles or groups of muscles
myofascial
pertaining to muscle tissue and fascia
A narrow band of nonelastic, dense, fibrous connective tissue that attaches a muscle to a bone
Tendon
Difference between ligaments and tendons.
Ligaments join bone to bone. Tendons attach muscle to bone.
Patellar tendon
attaches muscles to the bottom of the patella
Achilles tendon
attaches the gastrocnemius (calf) muscle to the heel bone
A sheet-like fibrous connective tissue resembling a flattened tendon that connects muscles together or to a bone
aponeurosis (plural, aponeuroses)
3 types of muscle tissue
skeletal, smooth, myocardial
Type of muscles attached to bones and make body motions possible
skeletal muscle (aka voluntary muscles and aka striated (striped) muscles)
Type of muscles located in walls of internal organs and function to move and control the flow of fluids through these structures
smooth muscles (involuntary & unstriated & visceral)
Form the muscular walls of the heart
myocardial muscles (aka myocardium or cardiac muscle)- striated but involuntary
The stimulation of a muscle by an impulse transmitted by a motor nerve
muscle innervation
neuromuscular
pertaining to the relationship between a nerve and a muscle
antagonistic
working in opposition to each other
The tightening of a muscle
contraction
The center of a muscle
belly
Occurs when a muscle returns to its original form
relaxation
The movement of a limb away from the midline of the body
abduction
ab-
away from
duct
to lead
-ion
action
Type of muscle that moves a body part away from the midline
abductor
The movement of a limb toward the midline of the body
adduction
ad-
toward
Type of muscle that moves a body part toward the midline
adductor
Decreasing the angle between two bones by bending a limb at a joint
Flexion
Type of muscle that bends a limb at a joint
flexor muscle
Increasing the angle between two bones or the straightening out of a limb
Extension
ex-
away from
tens
to stretch out
-ion
action
flex
to bend
Type of muscle that straightens a limb at a joint
extensor muscle
The extreme or overextension of a limb or body part beyond its normal limit
hyperextension
The act of raising or lifting a body part
elevation
Type of muscle that raises a body part
levator
levator anguli oris
muscles of the face that raise the corners of the mouth into a smile.
The act of lowering a body part
depression
Type of muscle that lowers a body part
depressor muscle
depressor anguli oris
facial muscles that lower the corner of the mouth into a frown
A circular movement around an axis such as the should joint
rotation
An imaginary line that runs lengthwise through the center of the body
axis
The circular movement at the far end of a limb
circumduction
Type of muscle that turns a body part on its axis
rotator muscle
The group of muscles and their tendons that hold the head of the humerus in place as it rotates with the shoulder joint
rotator cuff
The act of rotating the arm or the leg so that the palm of the hand or sole of the foot is turned forward or upward
supination
The act of rotating the arm or leg so that the palm of the hand or sole of the foot is turned downward or backward
pronation
The movement that bends the foot upward at the ankle
dorsiflexion
The movement that bends the foot downward at the ankle
plantar flexion
Plantar
pertaining to the sole of the foot
Where the muscle begins
origin
Where the muscle ends
insertion
More movable muscle attachment and farthest from the midline
insertion
The muscle that helps bend the neck and rotate the head
sternocleidomastoid muscle
stern/o
sternum/breastbone
cleid/o
collar bone
Muscle that inserts at one point of insertion into the mastoid process
mastoid muscle
Pair of muscles that make flexion and extension of the wrist possible
flexor and extensor carpi muscles
A thick, fan-shaped muscle situated on the anterior chest wall.
pectoralis major
Pectoral
relating to the chest
Lateralis
toward the side
Large muscle toward the outer side of the leg
vastus lateralis
Medialis
toward the midline
a muscle toward the midline of the leg
vastus medialis
Oblique
slanted or at an angle
Sphincter
a ring-like muscle that tightly constricts the opening of a passageway
transverse
in a crosswise direction
rectus
in straight alignment with the vertical axis of the body
bi-
2
tri-
3
-ceps
head
muscle formed from 2 divisions
biceps brachii
muscle formed from three divisions
triceps brachii
the largest muscle of the buttock
gluteus maximus
Should muscle shaped like an inverted triangle
deltoid muscle
Muscle group located in the back of the leg that functions in knee flexion and hip extension
hamstring group (biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus)
Forehead muscles that raise and lower eyebrows
frontalis (or occipitofrontalis)
Moves the lower jaw up and back to close the mouth
temporalis
This strong muscle moves the lower jaw up to close mouth when chewing
masseter
Chest muscles
pectoralis major
Muscles that flex and rotate the vertebral column, flex the torso, and compress the abdomen
external obliques
Muscles that flex the spine, support the abdominal contents, help breathe, and rotate the spine
internal obliques
Helps flex the trunk, assists in breathing, and supports the spine
rectus abdominus
Core muscle that is engaged when a person laughs or coughs
transverse abdominis
Moves the head and shoulder blade
trapezius
Extends the leg at the knee
rectus femoris
Flexs and extends the leg at the knee
quadriceps femoris (includes vastus lateralis and vastus medialis)
Involved in knee flexion and hip extension
hamstring group
gastrocnemius
the calf muscle
A specialist who works under the supervision of a physican to develop, implement, and coordinate exercise programs and adminster medical tests to promote physical fitness
exercise physiologist
a physician who specialized in treating the causes of paralysis and similar muscular disorders in which there is a loss of function
neurologist
helps enable patients to participate in the activities of daily life, including self-care, education, work, or social interaction
occupational therapist
a physician who specializes in physical medicine and rehab with the focus on restoring function
physiatrist
provides treatment to prevent disability or restore function through the use of exercise, heat, massage, or other techniques
physical therapist
specializes in treating sports-related injuries of the bones, joints, and muscles
sports medicine physician
Fasciitis
(note double ii) inflammation of a fascia
fasci
fascia
A debilitating chronic condition characterized by fatigue; diffuse or specific muscle, joint, or bone pain
Fibromyalgia
Inflammation of the sheath surrounding a tendon
tenosynovitis
An inflammation of the tendons caused by excessive or unusual use of the joint
tendinitis
A disorder of unknown cause that affects many body systems aka myalgic encephalomyelitis
chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS)
A band of fibrous tissue that holds structures together abnormally
adhesion
weakness or wearing away of body tissues and structures
atrophy
tenderness or pain in the muscles
myalgia
the herniation (protrusion) of muscle substance through a tear
myocele
The protrusion of a part of a structure through the tissues normally containing it
hernia
The degeneration of muscle tissue
myolysis
-lysis
destruction or breaking down in disease
Means deterioration or breaking down
degeneration
Means the process of becoming worse
deterioration
The rupture or tearing of a muscle
myorrhexis
A muscle disease characterized by the simultaneous inflammation and weakening of voluntary muscles in many parts of the body
polymyositis
A serious syndrome that can result from a direct or indirect muscle injury
rhabdomylosis
rhabdomy/o
striated muscle
The loss of muscle mass, strength, and function that come with aging
sarcopenia
sarc/o
flesh
-penia
deficiency
The state of balanced muscle tension(contraction and relaxation) that makes normal posture, coordination, and movement possible
muscle tone
Lacking normal muscle tone or strength
atonic
a-
without
ton
tone
-ic
pertaining to
A condition of abnormal muscle tone that causes the impairment of voluntary muscle movement
dystonia
A condition in which there is diminished tone of the skeletal muscles
hypotonia
The lack of muscle coordination during voluntary movement
ataxia
tax
coordination
-ia
condition
The permanent tightening of fascia, muscles, tendons, ligaments, or skin that occurs when normally elastic connective tissues are replaced with nonelastic fibrous tissues
contracture
Intermittent claudication
pain in the leg muscles that occurs during exercise and is relieved by rest.
Intermittent
coming and going at intervals
claudication
limping
Any sudden, involuntary contraction of one or more muscles
spasm
A repeated spasm, often involving the eyelids or face
tic
The quick, involuntary jerking of a muscle or group of muscles
myoclonus
clon
violent action
-us
singular noun ending
Myoclonus of the diaphragm
singultus (aka hiccups)
A painful localized muscle spasm often named for its cause
cramp
A stiff neck due to spasmodic contraction of the neck muscles that pull the head toward the affected side
Torticollis (aka wryneck)
Extreme slowness in movement
bradykinesia
brady-
slow
kines
movement
The distortion or impairment of voluntary movement resulting in fragmented or jerky motions
dyskinesia
abnormally increased muscle function or activity
hyperkinesia (or hyperactivity)
A chronic autoimmune disease that affects the neuromuscular junction and produces serious weakness of voluntary muscles.
myasthenia gravis
-asthenia
weakness or lack of strength
Gravis
Latin word meaning grave or serious
General term that describes a group of more than 30 genetic diseases that are characterized by progressive weakness and degeneration of the skeletal muscles that control movement, without affecting the nervous system.
muscular dystrophy
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD)
most common form of muscular dystrophy in children (more severe)
Becker muscular dystrophy (BMD)
similar, but less severe, than DMD
A variety of muscular conditions that result from repeated motions performed in the course of normal work
repetitive stress disorders (aka repetitive motion disorders)
Involves the compression of nerves and blood vessels due to swelling within an enclosed space created by the fascia that separates groups of muscles.
compartment syndrome
Minor tissue injuries that have not been given time to heal
overuse injuries
An inflammation of tendons caused by excessive or unusual use of a joint
overuse tendinitis
tendin-
tendon
A chronic pain disorder that affects muscles and fascia throughout the body
myofascial pain syndrome
Tender areas that most commonly develop where the fascia comes into contact with a muscle
Trigger points
Pain that originates in one area of the body but is felt in another
referred pain
Occurs when inflamed and swollen tendon are caught in the narrow space between the bones within the shoulder joint
impingement syndrome
An inflammation of the tendons of the rotator cuff
rotator cuff tendinitis (tennis shoulder, pitcher’s shoulder)
Develops when rotator cuff tendinitis is left untreated or if the overuse continues
Ruptured rotator cuff
Symptoms occur when the tendons that pass through the carpal tunnel are chronically overused and become inflamed and swollen.
carpal tunnel syndrome
The surgical enlargement of the carpal tunnel or cutting of the carpal ligament to relieve the pressure on the tendons and nerves
carpal tunnel release
a harmless, fluid-filled swelling that occurs most commonly on the outer surface of the wrist
ganglion cyst
Inflammation of the tissues surrounding the elbow
epicondylitis
epi-
on
condyl
condyle
Condyle
the round prominence at the end of a bone
Characterized by pain on the outer side of the forearm
lateral epidondylitis (aka tennis elbow)
Characterized by pain on the palm-side of the forearm
medial epicondylitis
A calcium deposit in the plantar fascia near its attachment to the calcaneus
heel spur
an inflammation of the plantar fascia on the sole of the foot
plantar fasciitis
An injury to a joint which occurs when a ligament is torn or wrenched
sprain
An injury to the body of the muscle or to the attachment of a tendon
strain
A painful condition caused by the tibialis anterior muscle tearing away from the tibia
shin splints
Incomplete vs. complete injury
incomplete means that the person has some function below the level of injury, even though not normal while complete injury means that there is complete loss of sensation and muscle control below the level of the injury
The loss of sensation and voluntary muscle movements in a muscle through disease or injury to its nerve supply
paralysis
myoparesis
a weakness or slight muscular paralysis
-paresis
partial or incomplete paralysis
hemiparesis
slight paralysis or weakness affecting one side of the body
hemiplegia
total paralysis affecting only one side of the body
-plegia
paralysis
hemiplegic
an individual affected with hemiplegia
Paraplegia
the paralysis of both legs and the lower part of the body
paraplegic
an individual affected with paraplegia
quadraplegia
paralysis of all four extremities
quadriplegic
an individual affected with quadriplegia
Tested with a reflex hammer that is used to strike a tendon
deep tendon reflexes (DTRs)
Reflex
an involuntary response to a stimulus
A diagnostic procedure to evaluate joint mobility and muscle strength
Range-of-motion testing (ROM)
A diagnostic test that measures the electrical activity within muscle fibers in response to nerve stimulation
electromyography
electromyogram
the resulting record of an electromyography
muscle biopsy
removal of a plug of tissue for examination
Administered to suppress smooth muscle contractions of the stomach, intestine, or bladder
antispasmodic medicine (aka anticholinergic)
An antispasmodic medication that can be given before surgery to relax smooth muscles during surgery
atropine
Given to relax certain muscles and to relieve the stiffness, pain, and discomfort caused by strains, sprains, or other muscle injuries
skeletal muscle relaxant
A drug that causes temporary paralysis by blocking the transmission of nerve stimuli to the muscles
a neuromuscular blocker (aka neuromuscular blocking agent)
The study of the human factors that affect the design and operation of tools and the work environment
ergonomics
A specialized soft-tissue manipulation technique used to ease the pain of certain conditions
myofascial release
Consists of activities to promote recovery and rehabilitation to assist patients in perfoming ADLs
OT
Treatment to prevent disability or restore function through the use of exercise, heat, massage, or other techniques
PT
Uses high-frequency sound waves to treat muscle injuries by generating heat deep within muscle tissue
therapeutic ultrasound
Uses a device that delivers electrical impulses through the skin, which cause changes in muscles
Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS)
RICE
Rest, Ice, Compression, and Elevation
fasciotomy
a surgical incision through the fascia to relieve tension or pressure
fascioplasty
the surgical repair of a fascia
Tenodesis
the surgical suturing of the end of a tendon to a bone
Tenolysis
the release of a tendon from adhesions
Tenorrhaphy
the surgical suturing together of the divided ends of a tendon
Tenotomy
a surgical incision into a tendon
Used to treat chronic tendon pain by using ultrasound-guided needle insertions to stimulate scar tissue healing within the tendon
Ultrasound-guided percutaneous needle tenotomy (PNT)
Some of a patient’s blood is injected into the scar tissue to promote increased blood flow and healing
platelet-rich plasma therapy
Myorrhaphy
the surgical suturing of muscle
myotomy
a surgical incision into a muscle
