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Medical Terminology for Health Professions > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

The Human Body in Health and Disease

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Used to describe the locations of the structural units of the body

A

Anatomic reference systems

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2
Q

4 anatomical references systems include:

A

Body planes; Body directions; Body cavities; Structural units

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3
Q

When body parts work together to perform a related function, the are grouped together and are know as a ______.

A

body system

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4
Q

anatomy

A

the study of the structures of the body

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5
Q

physiology

A

the study of the functions of the structures of the body

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6
Q

physi

A

nature or physical

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7
Q

-ology

A

the study of

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8
Q

Describe the anatomic position.

A
  1. Standing straight up so that the body is erect and facing forward. 2. Holding the arms at the sides with hands turned so that the palms face toward the front.
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9
Q

Imaginary vertical and horizontal lines used to divide the body into sections for descriptive purposes.

A

Body planes

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10
Q

An up-and-down plane that is at a right angle to the horizon.

A

a vertical plane

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11
Q

Name the 3 vertical planes

A

Sagittal plane, midsagittal plane, frontal plane

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12
Q

sagittal plane

A

a vertical plane that divides the body into UNEQUAL left and right portions

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13
Q

midsagittal plane

A

(aka midline) the sagittal plane that divides the body into EQUAL left and right halves

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14
Q

frontal plane

A

(aka coronal plane) a vertical plane that divides that body into anterior and posterior portions.

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15
Q

A flat, crosswise plane

A

horizontal plane

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16
Q

transverse plane

A

a horizontal plane that divides the body into superior and inferior portions (can be at waise or any other level).

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17
Q

ventral

A

the front, or belly side, or the organ or body

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18
Q

dorsal

A

the back of the organ or body

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19
Q

ventr

A

belly side of the body

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20
Q

dors

A

back of the body

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21
Q

-al

A

pertaining to

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22
Q

anterior

A

situated in the front/ in front of (aka ventral)

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23
Q

posterior

A

situated in the back/ in back of (aka dorsal)

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24
Q

anter

A

front or before

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25
Q

-ior

A

pertaining to

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26
Q

poster

A

back or toward the back

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27
Q

superior

A

uppermost, above, or toward the head

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28
Q

inferior

A

lowermost, below, or toward the feet

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29
Q

cephalic

A

toward the head

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30
Q

cephal

A

head

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31
Q

-ic

A

pertaining to

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32
Q

caudal

A

toward the lower part of the body

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33
Q

caud

A

tail or lower part of the body

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34
Q

proximal

A

situated nearest the midline or beginning of a body structure

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35
Q

distal

A

situated farthest from the midline or beginning of a body structure

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36
Q

medial

A

the direction toward, or nearer, the midline

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37
Q

lateral

A

the direction toward, or nearer, the side of the body, away from the midline.

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38
Q

bilateral

A

relating to, or having, two sides

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39
Q

The 2 major body cavities

A

Dorsal (back) & ventral (front)

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40
Q

The cavity which is located along the back of the body and head

A

dorsal

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41
Q

Cavity located within the skull that surrounds and protects the brain

A

cranial cavity

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42
Q

Cavity located within the spinal column that surrounds and protects the spinal cord

A

spinal cavity

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43
Q

Cavity which is located along the front of the body that contains the organs that sustain homeostasis

A

ventral cavity

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44
Q

homeostasis

A

the processes through which the body maintains a constant internal environment

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45
Q

home/o

A

constant

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46
Q

-stasis

A

control

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47
Q

The 2 portions of the dorsal cavity

A

cranial and spinal cavity

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48
Q

The three portions of the ventral cavity

A

thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic cavities

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49
Q

Cavity aka chest cavity or thorax that surrounds and protects the heart and lungs

A

thoracic cavity

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50
Q

The muscle that separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities

A

diaphragm

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51
Q

the cavity that contains the major organs of digestion

A

abdominal cavity (or simply abdomen)

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52
Q

The space formed by the hip bones that contains the reproductive and excretory systems

A

pelvic cavity

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53
Q

The term that refers to the abdominal and pelvic cavities together as a single unit

A

the abdominopelvic cavity

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54
Q

inguinal

A

relating to the groin

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55
Q

Term meaning below the ribs

A

hypochondriac

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56
Q

chondr/i

A

cartilage

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57
Q

hypo-

A

below

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58
Q

-ac

A

pertaining to

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59
Q

epi-

A

above

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60
Q

gastr

A

stomach

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61
Q

-ic

A

pertaining to

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62
Q

lumb

A

lower back

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63
Q

-ar

A

pertaining to

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64
Q

term that desribes the part of the back between the ribs and the pelvis

A

lumbar

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65
Q

the abdominothoracic regions that are covered by the lower ribs

A

right and left hypochondriac regions

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66
Q

the abdominothoracic region that is located above the stomach

A

epigastric region

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67
Q

the abdominothoracic regions that are located near the inward curve of the spine

A

right and left lumbar regions

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68
Q

the abdominothoracic region that surrounds the belly button or navel

A

umbilical region

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69
Q

the abdominothoracic regions that are located near the hip bones

A

right and left iliac regions

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70
Q

ili

A

hip

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71
Q

-ac

A

pertaining to

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72
Q

the abdominothoracic region that is below the stomach

A

hypogastric region

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73
Q

Term meaning divided into 4

A

quadrant

74
Q

A multilayered membrane that protects and holds the organs in place within the abdominal cavity

A

peritoneum

75
Q

The outer layer of the peritoneum that lines the interior of the abdominal wall

A

the parietal peritoneum

76
Q

A fused double layer of the parietal peritoneum that attaches parts of the intestine to the interior abdominal wall

A

the mesentary

77
Q

the inner layer of the peritoneum that surrounds the abdominal cavity

A

the visceral peritoneum

78
Q

What does retroperitoneal mean?

A

behind the peritoneum

79
Q

retro-

A

behind

80
Q

periton

A

peritoneum

81
Q

-eal

A

pertaining to

82
Q

The basic structural and functional units of the body

A

cells

83
Q

cyt/o

A

cell

84
Q

-ology

A

the study of

85
Q

The study of cells

A

cytology

86
Q

The tissue that surrounds and protects the contents of a cell from the external environment

A

cell membrane

87
Q

The material within the cell membrane that is not part of the nucleus

A

cytoplasm

88
Q

-plasm

A

formative material of cells

89
Q

The structure within a cell that controls the activities of the cell and helps the cell divide

A

nucleus

90
Q

Unspecialized cells that are able to renew themselves for long periods of time by cell division

A

stem cells

91
Q

The two types of stem cells

A

adult (or somatic) and embryonic stem cells

92
Q

embry/o

A

fertilized ovum

93
Q

-nic

A

pertaining to

94
Q

gene

A

means producing

95
Q

The two types of genes

A

dominant and recessive

96
Q

The complete set of genetic information of an organism

A

genome

97
Q

A genetic structure located within the nucleus of each cell which contains DNA

A

chromosome

98
Q

Somatic meaning

A

pertaining to the body in general

99
Q

Any cell in the body except sex cells are called what?

A

somatic cells

100
Q

Another name for sex cells

A

gametes

101
Q

A change in the sequence of a DNA molecule

A

genetic mutation

102
Q

A pathological condition caused by an absent or defective gene

A

genetic disorder

103
Q

hist

A

tissue

104
Q

A group or layer of similarly specialized cells that join together to perform certain specific functions

A

tissue

105
Q

The 4 main types of tissue

A

epithelial, connective, muscle, and nerve tissue

106
Q

Forms a protective covering for all of the internal and external surfaces of the body & forms glands

A

epithelial tissue

107
Q

The specialized epithelial tissue that forms the epidermis of the skin and the surface layer of mucous membranes

A

Epithelium

108
Q

The specialized epithelial tissue that lines the blood and lymph vessels, body cavities, glands, and organs

A

Endothelium

109
Q

adip

A

fat

110
Q

-ose

A

pertaining to

111
Q

The 4 types of connective tissue

A

Dense connective tissue, adipose tissue, loose connective tissue, liquid connective tissue

112
Q

The type of tissue that supports and connects organs and other body tissues.

A

Connective tissue

113
Q

This type of tissue, such as bone and cartilage, forms the joints and framework of the body

A

dense connective tissue

114
Q

This type of tissue provides protective padding, insulation, and support

A

adipose tissue

115
Q

This type of tissue surrounds various organs and supports both nerve cells and blood vessels

A

loose connective tissue

116
Q

This type of tissue, which are blood and lymph, transport nutrients and waste products throughout the body.

A

liquid connective tissue

117
Q

This type of tissue contains the cells with the specialized ability to contract and relax

A

muscle tissue

118
Q

This type of tissue contains cells with the specialized ability to react to stimuli and conduct electrical impulses

A

nerve tissue

119
Q

a-

A

without

120
Q

-plasia

A

formation

121
Q

aplasia

A

the defective development, or congenital absence, of an organ or tissue

122
Q

hypo-

A

deficient

123
Q

hypoplasia

A

the incomplete development of an organ or tissue usually due to a deficiency in the number of cells

124
Q

ana-

A

backward

125
Q

a change in the structure of cells and in their orientation to each other, characteristic of tumor formation in cancers.

A

anaplasia

126
Q

dys-

A

bad

127
Q

the abnormal development or growth of cells

A

dysplasia

128
Q

hyper-

A

excessive

129
Q

the enlargement of an organ or tissue because of an abnormal increase in the number of cells in the tissues

A

hyperplasia

130
Q

a general increase in the bulk of a body part or organ that is due to an increase in the size, but not the number, or cells in tissues, not due to tumor formation

A

hypertrophy

131
Q

a group of specialized epithelial cells that are cable of producing secretions

A

gland

132
Q

exo-

A

out of

133
Q

-crine

A

to secrete

134
Q

Secrete chemical substances into ducts that lead either to other organs or out of the body, such as sweat glands

A

exocrine glands

135
Q

produce hormones, do not have ducts, and are secreted directly into the bloodstream

A

endocrine glands

136
Q

aden

A

gland

137
Q

a mass of gland-like lymphoid tissue at the back of the upper pharynx

A

adenoids

138
Q

adenitis

A

inflammation of a gland

139
Q

adenocarcinoma

A

a malignant tumor that originates in the glandular tissue

140
Q

carcin

A

cancerous

141
Q

-oma

A

tumor

142
Q

adenoma

A

a benign tumor that arises in or resembles glandular tissue

143
Q

adenomalacia

A

the abnormal softening of a gland

144
Q

adenosis

A

any disease or condition of a gland

145
Q

adenosclerosis

A

the abnormal hardening of a gland

146
Q

adenectomy

A

the surgical removal of a gland

147
Q

A somewhat independent part of the body that performs a specific function

A

organ

148
Q

Pathology

A

the study of disease

149
Q

path/o

A

disease; suffering, feeling, emotion

150
Q

-pathy

A

disease; suffering, feeling, emotion

151
Q

A physician who specializes in lab analysis of diseased tissue samples to confirm or establish a diagnosis

A

pathologist

152
Q

eti-

A

cause

153
Q

etiology

A

the study of the cause of diseases

154
Q

pathogen

A

a disease-producing microorganism such as a virus

155
Q

transmission

A

the spread of disease

156
Q

contamination

A

a pathogen is probably present

157
Q

epi-

A

above

158
Q

demi/i

A

population

159
Q

epidemiologist

A

a specialist in the study of outbreaks of disease within a population group

160
Q

en-

A

within

161
Q

endemic

A

the ongoing presence of a disease within a population, group, or area (common cold)

162
Q

epidemic

A

a sudden and widespread outbreak of disease within a population or area (measles)

163
Q

pan-

A

entire

164
Q

-ic

A

pertaining to

165
Q

pandemic

A

an outbreak of disease occurring over a large geographic area, possibly worldwide (AIDS)

166
Q

Produces symptoms for which no physiological or anatomical cause can be identified (ex. anxiety attack)

A

a functional disorder

167
Q

An unfavorable response due to prescribed medical treatment. (ex. burns from radiation)

A

an iatrogenic illness

168
Q

An illness caused by living pathogenic organisms such as bacteria and viruses

A

infectious disease

169
Q

A disease acquired in a hospital or clinical setting (ex. MRSA)

A

nosocomial infection

170
Q

Produces symptoms caused by detectable physical changes in the body (ex. chickenpox)

A

organic disorder

171
Q

congenital disorder

A

an abnormal condition that exists at the time of birth

172
Q

anomaly

A

a deviation from what is regarded as normal

173
Q

developmental disorder

A

aka birth defect

174
Q

The congenital absence of a normal body opening or the failure of a structure to be tubular

A

atresia

175
Q

A physician specializing in the care of critically ill patients hospitalized in the ICU

A

intensivist

176
Q

A physician focusing on the general medical care of hospitalized patients

A

hospitalist

177
Q

tele

A

distant

178
Q

-metry

A

to measure

179
Q

idi/o

A

peculiar to the individual

180
Q

An illness without know cause

A

idiopathic disorder

181
Q

Holds a DO degree and uses traditional forms of medical treatment in addition to specializing in treating health problems by spinal manipulation

A

Osteopath

Medical Terminology for Health Professions (9 decks)

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