Chapter 2 Flashcards
The Human Body in Health and Disease
Used to describe the locations of the structural units of the body
Anatomic reference systems
4 anatomical references systems include:
Body planes; Body directions; Body cavities; Structural units
When body parts work together to perform a related function, the are grouped together and are know as a ______.
body system
anatomy
the study of the structures of the body
physiology
the study of the functions of the structures of the body
physi
nature or physical
-ology
the study of
Describe the anatomic position.
- Standing straight up so that the body is erect and facing forward. 2. Holding the arms at the sides with hands turned so that the palms face toward the front.
Imaginary vertical and horizontal lines used to divide the body into sections for descriptive purposes.
Body planes
An up-and-down plane that is at a right angle to the horizon.
a vertical plane
Name the 3 vertical planes
Sagittal plane, midsagittal plane, frontal plane
sagittal plane
a vertical plane that divides the body into UNEQUAL left and right portions
midsagittal plane
(aka midline) the sagittal plane that divides the body into EQUAL left and right halves
frontal plane
(aka coronal plane) a vertical plane that divides that body into anterior and posterior portions.
A flat, crosswise plane
horizontal plane
transverse plane
a horizontal plane that divides the body into superior and inferior portions (can be at waise or any other level).
ventral
the front, or belly side, or the organ or body
dorsal
the back of the organ or body
ventr
belly side of the body
dors
back of the body
-al
pertaining to
anterior
situated in the front/ in front of (aka ventral)
posterior
situated in the back/ in back of (aka dorsal)
anter
front or before
-ior
pertaining to
poster
back or toward the back
superior
uppermost, above, or toward the head
inferior
lowermost, below, or toward the feet
cephalic
toward the head
cephal
head
-ic
pertaining to
caudal
toward the lower part of the body
caud
tail or lower part of the body
proximal
situated nearest the midline or beginning of a body structure
distal
situated farthest from the midline or beginning of a body structure
medial
the direction toward, or nearer, the midline
lateral
the direction toward, or nearer, the side of the body, away from the midline.
bilateral
relating to, or having, two sides
The 2 major body cavities
Dorsal (back) & ventral (front)
The cavity which is located along the back of the body and head
dorsal
Cavity located within the skull that surrounds and protects the brain
cranial cavity
Cavity located within the spinal column that surrounds and protects the spinal cord
spinal cavity
Cavity which is located along the front of the body that contains the organs that sustain homeostasis
ventral cavity
homeostasis
the processes through which the body maintains a constant internal environment
home/o
constant
-stasis
control
The 2 portions of the dorsal cavity
cranial and spinal cavity
The three portions of the ventral cavity
thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic cavities
Cavity aka chest cavity or thorax that surrounds and protects the heart and lungs
thoracic cavity
The muscle that separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities
diaphragm
the cavity that contains the major organs of digestion
abdominal cavity (or simply abdomen)
The space formed by the hip bones that contains the reproductive and excretory systems
pelvic cavity
The term that refers to the abdominal and pelvic cavities together as a single unit
the abdominopelvic cavity
inguinal
relating to the groin
Term meaning below the ribs
hypochondriac
chondr/i
cartilage
hypo-
below
-ac
pertaining to
epi-
above
gastr
stomach
-ic
pertaining to
lumb
lower back
-ar
pertaining to
term that desribes the part of the back between the ribs and the pelvis
lumbar
the abdominothoracic regions that are covered by the lower ribs
right and left hypochondriac regions
the abdominothoracic region that is located above the stomach
epigastric region
the abdominothoracic regions that are located near the inward curve of the spine
right and left lumbar regions
the abdominothoracic region that surrounds the belly button or navel
umbilical region
the abdominothoracic regions that are located near the hip bones
right and left iliac regions
ili
hip
-ac
pertaining to
the abdominothoracic region that is below the stomach
hypogastric region
Term meaning divided into 4
quadrant
A multilayered membrane that protects and holds the organs in place within the abdominal cavity
peritoneum
The outer layer of the peritoneum that lines the interior of the abdominal wall
the parietal peritoneum
A fused double layer of the parietal peritoneum that attaches parts of the intestine to the interior abdominal wall
the mesentary
the inner layer of the peritoneum that surrounds the abdominal cavity
the visceral peritoneum
What does retroperitoneal mean?
behind the peritoneum
retro-
behind
periton
peritoneum
-eal
pertaining to
The basic structural and functional units of the body
cells
cyt/o
cell
-ology
the study of
The study of cells
cytology
The tissue that surrounds and protects the contents of a cell from the external environment
cell membrane
The material within the cell membrane that is not part of the nucleus
cytoplasm
-plasm
formative material of cells
The structure within a cell that controls the activities of the cell and helps the cell divide
nucleus
Unspecialized cells that are able to renew themselves for long periods of time by cell division
stem cells
The two types of stem cells
adult (or somatic) and embryonic stem cells
embry/o
fertilized ovum
-nic
pertaining to
gene
means producing
The two types of genes
dominant and recessive
The complete set of genetic information of an organism
genome
A genetic structure located within the nucleus of each cell which contains DNA
chromosome
Somatic meaning
pertaining to the body in general
Any cell in the body except sex cells are called what?
somatic cells
Another name for sex cells
gametes
A change in the sequence of a DNA molecule
genetic mutation
A pathological condition caused by an absent or defective gene
genetic disorder
hist
tissue
A group or layer of similarly specialized cells that join together to perform certain specific functions
tissue
The 4 main types of tissue
epithelial, connective, muscle, and nerve tissue
Forms a protective covering for all of the internal and external surfaces of the body & forms glands
epithelial tissue
The specialized epithelial tissue that forms the epidermis of the skin and the surface layer of mucous membranes
Epithelium
The specialized epithelial tissue that lines the blood and lymph vessels, body cavities, glands, and organs
Endothelium
adip
fat
-ose
pertaining to
The 4 types of connective tissue
Dense connective tissue, adipose tissue, loose connective tissue, liquid connective tissue
The type of tissue that supports and connects organs and other body tissues.
Connective tissue
This type of tissue, such as bone and cartilage, forms the joints and framework of the body
dense connective tissue
This type of tissue provides protective padding, insulation, and support
adipose tissue
This type of tissue surrounds various organs and supports both nerve cells and blood vessels
loose connective tissue
This type of tissue, which are blood and lymph, transport nutrients and waste products throughout the body.
liquid connective tissue
This type of tissue contains the cells with the specialized ability to contract and relax
muscle tissue
This type of tissue contains cells with the specialized ability to react to stimuli and conduct electrical impulses
nerve tissue
a-
without
-plasia
formation
aplasia
the defective development, or congenital absence, of an organ or tissue
hypo-
deficient
hypoplasia
the incomplete development of an organ or tissue usually due to a deficiency in the number of cells
ana-
backward
a change in the structure of cells and in their orientation to each other, characteristic of tumor formation in cancers.
anaplasia
dys-
bad
the abnormal development or growth of cells
dysplasia
hyper-
excessive
the enlargement of an organ or tissue because of an abnormal increase in the number of cells in the tissues
hyperplasia
a general increase in the bulk of a body part or organ that is due to an increase in the size, but not the number, or cells in tissues, not due to tumor formation
hypertrophy
a group of specialized epithelial cells that are cable of producing secretions
gland
exo-
out of
-crine
to secrete
Secrete chemical substances into ducts that lead either to other organs or out of the body, such as sweat glands
exocrine glands
produce hormones, do not have ducts, and are secreted directly into the bloodstream
endocrine glands
aden
gland
a mass of gland-like lymphoid tissue at the back of the upper pharynx
adenoids
adenitis
inflammation of a gland
adenocarcinoma
a malignant tumor that originates in the glandular tissue
carcin
cancerous
-oma
tumor
adenoma
a benign tumor that arises in or resembles glandular tissue
adenomalacia
the abnormal softening of a gland
adenosis
any disease or condition of a gland
adenosclerosis
the abnormal hardening of a gland
adenectomy
the surgical removal of a gland
A somewhat independent part of the body that performs a specific function
organ
Pathology
the study of disease
path/o
disease; suffering, feeling, emotion
-pathy
disease; suffering, feeling, emotion
A physician who specializes in lab analysis of diseased tissue samples to confirm or establish a diagnosis
pathologist
eti-
cause
etiology
the study of the cause of diseases
pathogen
a disease-producing microorganism such as a virus
transmission
the spread of disease
contamination
a pathogen is probably present
epi-
above
demi/i
population
epidemiologist
a specialist in the study of outbreaks of disease within a population group
en-
within
endemic
the ongoing presence of a disease within a population, group, or area (common cold)
epidemic
a sudden and widespread outbreak of disease within a population or area (measles)
pan-
entire
-ic
pertaining to
pandemic
an outbreak of disease occurring over a large geographic area, possibly worldwide (AIDS)
Produces symptoms for which no physiological or anatomical cause can be identified (ex. anxiety attack)
a functional disorder
An unfavorable response due to prescribed medical treatment. (ex. burns from radiation)
an iatrogenic illness
An illness caused by living pathogenic organisms such as bacteria and viruses
infectious disease
A disease acquired in a hospital or clinical setting (ex. MRSA)
nosocomial infection
Produces symptoms caused by detectable physical changes in the body (ex. chickenpox)
organic disorder
congenital disorder
an abnormal condition that exists at the time of birth
anomaly
a deviation from what is regarded as normal
developmental disorder
aka birth defect
The congenital absence of a normal body opening or the failure of a structure to be tubular
atresia
A physician specializing in the care of critically ill patients hospitalized in the ICU
intensivist
A physician focusing on the general medical care of hospitalized patients
hospitalist
tele
distant
-metry
to measure
idi/o
peculiar to the individual
An illness without know cause
idiopathic disorder
Holds a DO degree and uses traditional forms of medical treatment in addition to specializing in treating health problems by spinal manipulation
Osteopath
