Chapter 5 The Cardiovascular System Flashcards
Receives blood from the veins and pumps blood into the arteries
Heart
Transport blood to and from all areas of the body
Blood vessels
Transport blood away from the heart to all parts of the body
Arteries
Permit the exchange of nutrients and waste products between the blood and the cells
Capillaries
Return blood from all body parts to the heart
Veins
Brings oxygen and nutrients to the cells and carries away waste
Blood
card/o, cardi/o
heart
angi/o, vas/o
blood vessels
arteri/o
arteries
capill/o
capillaries
phleb/o, ven/o
veins
hem/o, hemat/o
blood
angi/o
blood or lymph vessel
aort/o
aorta
ather/o
plaque, fatty substance
brady-
slow
-crasia
a mixture or blending
-emia
blood, blood condition
erythr/o
red
leuk/o
white
tachy-
fast, rapid
thromb/o
clot
What does the cardiovascular system consist of?
heart, blood vessels, and blood
Cardiovascular
pertaining to the heart and blood vessels
vascul
blood vessels
Apex
the lower tip of the heart
The double-walled membrane that encloses the heart
pericardium (aka pericardial sac)
membrane
a thin layer of pliable tissue that covers or encloses a body part
Fibrous sac that surrounds and protects the heart
parietal pericardium
Found between paricardium layers where it acts as a lubricant to prevent friction as the heart beats
pericardial fluid
The inner layer of the pericardium that also forms the outer layer of the heart
visceral pericardium
The external layer of the heart and the inner layer of the pericardium
epicardium
epi-
upon
3 layers of the walls of the heart
epicardium, myocardium, endocardium
The middle and thickest layer of the heart wall
myocardium (aka myocardial muscle)
The inner lining of the heart consisting of epithelial tissue and comes into direct contact with blood
endocardium
What does the myocardium need to survive and why?
it beats constantly so it needs a continuous blood supply giving it oxygen and nutrients plus prompt waste removal
What supplies the myocardium with o2-rich blood?
the coronary arteries
What removes waste products?
veins
Atria
the 2 upper chambers of the heart (singular atrium) that receive all heart blood
Ventricles
the 2 lower chambers of the heart that pump blood to the whole body.
What divides the 2 atrium?
interatrial septum
What divides the 2 ventricles?
interventricular septum
Why are the walls of the ventricles thicker than those of the atria?
because they must pump blood to the entire body
Controls the opening between the right atrium and the right ventricle
tricuspid valve
Valve located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery
pulmonary semilunar valve
Valve located between the left atrium and left ventricle
Mitral (aka bicuspid) valve
Valve located between the left ventricle and the aorta
aortic semilunar valve
Describe the blood flow through the heart.
- The right atrium receives O2 deficient blood through the superior and inferior vena cava then goes through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle.
- O2 poor blood goes from the right ventricle through the pulmonary semilunar valve into the (R & L) pulmonary artery into the lungs.
- O2 rich blood enters 4 pulmonary veins (2 L + 2 R) into the left atrium. Blood then flows throw the mitral valve into the left ventricle.
- O2 rich blood travels throught the aortic semilunar valve into the aorta and to body (except lungs)
The flow of blood only between the heart and lungs
Pulmonary Circulation
Carry deoxygenated blood out of the right ventricle and into the lungs
pulmonary arteries
Carry oxygenated blood from the lungs into the left atrium of the heart
pulmonary veins
The flow of blood to all parts of the body except the lungs
systemic circulation
The contraction and relaxation of the heart in exactly the correct sequence in order to pump blood effectively throughout the body
heartbeat
How does heartbeat happen?
electrical impulses from nerves aka the conduction system
What controls the conduction system?
The sinoatrial (SA) node, atrioventricular (AV)node, and the Bundle of His
Where is the SA node located?
in the posterior wall of the right atrium near the entrance of the superior vena cava
What is the function of the sinoatrial node?
establishes the basic rhythm and rate of the heartbeat (aka natural pacemaker). SA node sends electrical impulses to atrium muscles to contract and force blood to ventricles.
Where is the atrioventricular node located?
on the floor of the right atrium near the interatrial septum
What is the function of the AV node?
Receives electrical impulses from the SA node and transmits them to the Bundle of His
Where is the bundle of His located?
group of fibers located within the interventricular septum
What is the function of the bundle of His?
Carry electrical impulses to ensure the sequence of heart contractions. The impulses travel to the ventricles and then to Purkinje fibers.
Explain the Purkinje fibers.
conductive fibers within the walls of the ventricles that tell the ventricles to contract which forces blood out of heart and into aorta and pulmonary arteries
Refers to the normal beating of the heart
sinus rhythm
What does the P wave represent?
the stimulation (contraction) of the atria
What does the QRS complex show?
the stimulation (contraction) of the ventricles as the atria relax.
What does the T wave represent?
the recovery (relaxation) of the ventricles
3 types of blood vessels
arteries, capillaries, and veins
Large blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart to all regions of the body
arteries
endarterial
within an artery or pertaining to the inner portion of the artery
What color is arterial blood and why?
red because it is oxygenated
The largest blood vessel in the body and where does it begin?
aorta. left ventricle.
Major arteries that carry blood upward to the head
carotid arteries
Where is the common carotid artery located and what does it divide into?
each side of neck; internal carotid artery
What does the internal carotid artery do?
brings o2 rich blood to brain
What brings blood to the face?
external carotid artery
The smaller, thinner branches of arteries that deliver blood to the capillaries.
arterioles
The smallest blood vessels in the body that deliver o2 and nutrients to cells of tissues
capillaries
Form a low-pressure collecting system to return o2 poor blood to the heart
veins
The smallest veins that join to form the larger veins
venules
The 2 largest veins in the body that return blood to the heart
venae cavae (superior and inferior)
-ules
small ones
The rhythmic pressure against the walls of an artery caused by the contraction of the heart
pulse
The measurement of the amount of systolic and diastolic pressure exerted against the walls of the arteries.
blood pressure
Systolic pressure
occurs when the ventricles contact (the highest pressure against the walls of an artery)
systole
contraction of the heart
Diastolic pressure
occurs when the ventricles relax (the lowest pressure against the walls of an artery)
diastole
relaxation of the heart
What is blood made of?
plasma & formed elements (erythrocytes, leukocytes, thrombocytes)
The fluid in blood that contains water and clotting proteins
plasma
A plasma fluid after the blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed
serum
2 clotting proteins found in the plasma
fibrinogen and prothrombin
red blood cells
erythrocytes
Where are erythrocytes produced?
red bone marrow
What is the primary role of erythrocytes?
to transport o2 to the tissues
The o2 carrying blood protein pigment of the erythrocytes
hemoglobin
-globin
protein
White blood cells
leukocytes
What is the function of leukocytes?
Involved in defending the body against infective organisms and foreign substances
The 5 major groups of leukocytes.
Neutrophils, Basophils, Eosinophils, Lymphocytes, Monocytes
White blood cells
leukocytes
The process of destroying pathogens by surrounding and swallowing them
Phagocytosis
Formed in the red bone marrow, the most common type of WBC, and through phagocytosis help the immune system defense against pathogens, including bacteria, fungi, and viruses
Neutrophils
Formed in the RBM, or the least common type of WBC, and are responsible for causing allergy sxs
Basophils
Formed in the RBM and migrate to body tissues and destroy parasitic organisms, and paly a role in allergic rxs
Eosinophils
Formed in the RBM, lymph nodes, and spleen. Identity substances, bacteria, and viruses in the body and produce antibodies that target them
Lymphocytes
Formed in RBM, lymph nodes, spleen; Provide defense against infectious organisms through phagocytosis
Monocytes
Thrombocytes
AKA platelets, are the smallest formed elements of blood and play an important role in clotting of blood
thromb/o
clot
Blood types are classified according to the presence or absence of certain_______.
antigens
Antigen
Any substance that the body regards as being foreign
4 major blood types
A, B, AB, O
Rh factor
defines the presence (Rh positive) or absence (Rh negative) of the Rh antigen on RBCs
Normally dissolved in the liquid portion of blood
blood gases
The 3 major blood gases
Oxygen (O2)
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Nitrogen (N2)
A physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating abnormalities, diseases, and disorders of the heart
cardiologist
A physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating conditions of the bood and blood-forming tissues
hematologist
A physician who specializes in the diagnosis, medical management, and surgical treatment of disorders of the blood vessels.
vascular surgeon
Congenital
present at birth
Structural abnormalities caused by the failure of the heart to develop normally before birth apparent either at birth or later.
Congenital heart disease
Artherosclerosis of the coronary arteries that reduces the blood supply to the heart muscle
Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) aka Coronary Heart Disease (CHD), or Ischemic heart dz.
Characterized by unrelenting angina pain and a severely limited lifestyle
End-stage coronary artery disease
Hardening and narrowing of the arteries caused by buildup of cholesterol plaque on the interior walls of the arteries
Atherosclerosis
The opening within blood vessels through which blood flows
lumen
A deposit of plaque on or within the arterial wall
atheroma
A condition in which there is an insufficient supply of oxygen in the tissues due to restricted blood flow to a part of the body
Ischemia
isch
to hold back
Lack of blood flow and oxygen to the heart muscle
cardiac ischemia
A condition in which severe episodes of chest pain occur due to an inadequate blood flow to the myocardium (due to cardiac ischemia and will worsen until an MI)
Angina aka angina pectoris
Chest pain the occurs duing exertion and resolves with rest
Stable angina
Chest pain the occurs either during exertion or rest and is a precursor to a MI
Unstable angina
The occlusion of one or more coronary arteries caused by plaque buildup
myocardial infarction (heart attack)
Total blockage
occlusion
A sudden insufficiency of blood
infarction
A localized area of dead tissue caused by a lack of blood
infarct
Condition where the heart is unable to pump out all of the blood that it receives causing congestion occuring most often in elderly or after the heart has been weakened or damaged by other health problems
Heart Failure, or congestive heart failure
Causes pulmonary edema
Left-sided heart failure
causes body edema
right-sided heart failure
The abnormal enlargement of the heart that is frequently associated with heart failure as the heart enlarges in an effort to compensate for its decreased pumping ability
Cardiomegaly
Carditis
an inflammation of the heart
An inflammation of the inner lining of the heart
Endocarditis
An inflammation of the lining or valves of the heart caused by the presence of bacteria in the bloodstream
Bacterial endocarditis
Pericarditis
an inflammation of the pericardium (which surrounds the heart so restricts heart movement)
An inflammation of the myocardium that develops as a rarely seen complication of a viral infection
myocarditis
Cardiomyopathy
the term used to describe all diseases of the heart muscle
A disease of the heart muscle that causes the heart to become enlarged and to pump less strongly
Dilated cardiomyopathy
An abnormal blowing or clicking sound heard when listening to the heart or neighboring blood vessel usually caused by defective heart valves.
heart murmur
valvulitis
an inflammation of a heart valve
The abnormal protrusion of a heart valve that results in the inability of the valve to close completely.
valvular prolapse (ex. mitral valve prolapse)
valvul
valve
Prolapse
the falling or dropping down of an organ or internal part
The loss of the normal rhythm of the heartbeat usually caused by an abnormality in the electrical conduction system of the heart
arrhythmia
Asystole
aka flatline; the complete lack of electrical activity in the heart= death
An event in which the heart abruptly stops beating or develops an arrhythmia that prevents it from pumping blood effectively
cardiac arrest
Results when treatment of cardiac arrest is not provided within a few minutes
sudden cardiac death
a congenital or acquired arrhythmia caused by the electrical signal moving through the heart being partially or completely blocked from reaching the ventricles
heart block
Bradycardia
abnormally slow resting heart rate (less than 60 bpm) usually occurs when the passage of electricity from top to bottom of the heart is partially or totally blocked
Tachycardia
abnormally fast resting heart rate. greater than 100 bpm
A quick episode in which there are very rapid and regular heartbeats that originate at or above the AV node
supraventricular tachycardia (aka paroxysmal superventricular tachycardia)
A potentially fatal condition where ther is a very rapid heartbeat that begins within the ventricles
ventricular tachycardia aka V-tach
Describes a potentially life-threatening fast and IRREGULAR heartbeat
fibrillation
Rapid, uncontrolled twitching contractions of the atria
Atrial fibrillation (A-fib)
Rapid, irregular, and useless contractions of the ventricles
Ventricular fibrillation (V-fib)
A pounding or racing heartbeat with or without irregularity in rhythm
palpitation
vasculitis
inflammation of a blood vessel
Anglitis or arteritis
inflammtion of the arteries
polyarteritis
form of vasculitis involving several medium and small arteries at the same time
A form of vasculitis that can cause headaches, visual impairment, jaw pain
temporal arteritis (aka giant cell arteritis)
angiostenosis
abnormal narrowing of a blood vessel
A benign tumor made up of newly formed blood vessels
hemiangioma
A deficiency of blood passing through an organ or part
hypoperfusion
Perfusion
the flow of blood through the vessels of an organ
A localized weak spot or balloon-like enlargement of the wall of an artery which can be fatal if ruptured due to the large loss of blood
aneurysm
arteriosclerosis
hardening of the arteries, any group of diseases characterized by thickening and the loss of elasticity of arterial walls
arteriostenosis
the abnormal narrowing of an artery
A condition in which venous circulation is inadequate due to partial vein blockage or to the leakage of venous valves
Chronic venous insufficiency (or venous insufficiency)
Phlebitis
the inflammation of a vein (aka thrombophlebitis because a clot usually forms)
Abnormally swollen veins that usually occur in the superficial veins of the legs due to dysfunctional valves causing blood pools in veins causing the vein to enlarge
varicose veins
An abnormal condition of having a thrombus
thrombosis
thrombus
a blood clot attached to the interior wall of an artery or vein
thrombotic occlusion
the blocking of an artery by a thrombus
Damage to the heart muscle caused by a thrombus blocking a coronary artery
coronary thrombosis
coron
crown
The condition of having a thrombus attached to the interior wall of a deep vein
Deep vein thrombosis
Embolism
the sudden blockage of a blood vessel by an embolus (ex. air embolism, fat embolism)
embol
something inserted
embolus
a foreign object (blood clot, a quanity of air or gas, a bit of tissue or tumor) that is circulating in the blood
Disorders of blood vessels that are located outside the heart and brain
peripheral vascular diseases
Peripheral arterial disease (PAD)
(aka peripheral arterial occlusive disease) an example of pvd cause by atherosclerosis where there is impaired circulation to the extremities and vital organs
A peripheral arterial occlusive disease in which intermittent attacks are triggered by cold or stress
Raynaud’s disease
Any pathologic condition of the cellular elements of the blood
blood dyscrasia
-crasia
a mixture or blending
Hemochromatosis
iron overload dz (intestines absorb too much iron)
leukopenia
a decrease in the number of disease-fighting WBCs circulating in the blood (aka low WBC count)
Polycythemia
an abnormal increase in the number of RBCs in the blood d/t excess production of the cells by the RBM
Sepsis
aka septicemia or blood poisoning; a potentially life-threatening infection the results from bacteria or other infectious organisms entering the bloodstream
Thrombocytopenia
abnormally small number of platelets circulating in the blood
thrombocytosis
abnormal increase in the number of platelets in the blood
hemorrhage
the loss of a large amount of blood in a short amount of time
transfusion reaction
complication of a blood transfusion in which a severe immune response occurs because the patient’s blood and the donated blood do not match
Cholesterol
a fatty substance that travels through the blood and is found in all parts of the body
hyperlipidemia
general term used to describe elevated levels of cholesterol and other fatty substances in the blood
A type of cancer in which there is insufficient production of one or more types of blood cells due to dysfunction of the bone marrow
Myelodysplastic syndrome
A type of cancer characterized by a progressive increase in the number of abnormal leukocytes found in blood-forming tissues, other organs, and in the circulating blood
leukemia
A lower-than-normal number of erythrocytes in the blood causing fatigue and sob
anemia
Characterized by an absence of ALL formed blood elements caused by the failure of blood cell production in the bone marrow
Aplastic anemia
plast
growth
Megaloblastic anemia
A blood disorder characterized by anemia in which the RBCs are larger than normal usually resulting from a defiency of FA or Vit. B12
blast
immature
Pernicious anemia
caused by lack of intrinsic factor that helps the body absorb Vit B12 which is necessary for the formation of RBCs
Hemolytic anemia
an inadequate number of RBCs due to the premature destruction of RBCs by the spleen
-lytic
to destroy
2 types of hemolytic anemia
Sickle cell anemia & Thalassemia
Sickle cell anemia
genetic disorder that causes abnormal hemoglobin, resulting in some RBCs assuming an abnormal sickle shape interfering with normal blood flow
Thalassemia
an inherited blood disorder that causes mild or severe anemia d/t reduce hgb and fewer RBCs than normal
The elevation of arterial BP to a level that is likely to cause damage to the cardiovascular system
Hypertension
Essential/Primary/Idiopathic Htn
HTN of unknown cause
Secondary HTN
caused by another medical problem such as a kidney d/o or tumor on the adrenal glands
Malignant HTN
very high HTN accompanied by damage to other organs
Hypotension
lower-than-normal arterial BP
Orthostatic HTN
aka postural HTN, low BP when standing up
angiography
a radiographic (x-ray) study of the blood vessels after the injection of a contrast medium
A diagnostic and treatment procedure in which a catheter is passed into a vein or artery and then guided into the heart used to perform angiography or during treatment
cardiac catheterization
Uses angiography with computer assistance to clarify the view in the cardiovascular system by subtracting the soft tissue and bones from the images
Digital subtraction angiography
A diagnostic procedure to image the structures of blood vessels and the flow of blood through these vessels
Duplex ultrasound (combination of a diagnostic and doppler ultrasound)
Shows the structure of the blood vessels
diagnostic ultrasound
shows the movement of the RBCs through vessels
Doppler ultrasound
Venography
(aka phlebography) a radiographic test that provides an image of specific veins after a contrast dye is injected
electrocardiography
the noninvasive process of recording the electrical activity of the myocardium
electrocardiogram
a record of the electrical activity of the myocardium
A portable electrocardiograph worn by a patient
Holter monitor
Performed to assess cardiovascular health and function during and after stress
stress test
Performed to evaluate how well blood flows through the coronary arteries of the heart muscle during exercise by injecting a small amount of thallium into the bloodstream
thallium stress test
Medication administered to lower blood pressure
antihypertensive
Medication that blocks the action of the enzyme that causes the blood vessel to contract, causing HTN
ACE inhibitor (angiotensin-converting enzyme)
Med used to lower BP, relieve angina, or treat HF by reducing the workload of the heart by slowing the rate of the heartbeat
Beta-blocker
Med used to treat HTN or angina by causing heart and blood vessels to relax by decreasing the movement of calcium into the cells of these structures.
calcium channel blocker agents
Med admininstered to stimulate the kidneys to increase the secretion of urine to rid the body of excess sodium and water
diuretic
Med used to control irregularities of the heartbeat
antiarrhythmic
Slows coagulation and prevents new clots from forming
anticoagulant (aka blood thinners but do not actually thin blood)
2 anticoagulants
Coumadin, Heparin (injection or IV)
May reduce to the risk of a heart attack or stroke by reducing the ability of the blood to clot
aspirin
Strengthens the contraction of the heart muscle, slows heart rate, eliminates fluid from tissues and contains the foxglove plant
digitalis (digoxin)
Med that dissolves or causes a thrombus to break up
thrombolytic (aka clot-busting drug)
Administered to patients having a heart attack or stroke. If given within a few hours can dissolve damaging clot.
Tissue plasminogen activator
causes blood vessels to narrow
vasoconstrictor
Causes blood vessels to expand
vasodilator
A vasodilator that is prescribed to prevent or relieve the pain of angina by dilating the blood vessels to the heart
nitroglycerin
Angioplasty
the technique of mechanically widening a narrowed or obstructed blood vessel
A procedure in which a small balloon on the end of a catheter is used to open a partially blocked coronary artery by flattening the plaque deposit and stretching the lumen.
(aka balloon angioplasty) Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA)
Involves a laser on the end of catheter, which uses beams of light to remove the plaque deposit
laser angioplasty
A wire-mesh tube that is place after the artery has been opened to prevent plaque from expanding again and prevents restenosis (closes again)
stent
Artherectomy
the surgical removal of plaque buildup from the interior of an artery
Carotid endarterectomy
the surgical removal of the lining of a portion of a clogged carotid artery leading to the brain
open surgery where a piece of vein from the leg or chest is implanted on the heart to replace a blocked coronary artery and to improve blood flow to the heart
Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)
Minimally invasive coronary artery bypass
(aka keyhole or buttonhole bypass) alternative cabg where procedure is performed with the aid of a fiber optic camera through a small opening in the ribs
The use of electrical shock to restore the heart’s normal rhythym
defibrillation (aka cardioversion)
A procedure that uses heat or cold to scar or destroy the heart tissue triggering an abnormal heart rhythm
cardiac ablation
Valvuloplasty
the surgical repair of a heart valve (heart valve replacement)
aneurysmectomy
the surgical removal of an aneurysm
aneurysmorrhaphy
the surgical suturing of an aneurysm
surgical method to isolate an aneurysm from the rest of the circulatory system by placing a small titanium clip to prevent blood from flowing into the aneurysm
aneurysm clipping
arteriectomy
the surgical removal of part of an artery
Hemostasis
to stop or control bleeding
Plasmapheresis
(aka plasma exchange) the removal of whole blood from the body and separation of the blood’s cellular elements.
