Chapter 3 Flashcards
The Skeletal System
What are the 8 main structures of the skeletal system?
bones, bone marrow, cartilage, joints, ligaments, synovial membranes, synovial fluid, bursae
The process of bone formation
ossification
What is the function of osteoclasts?
to break down old or damaged bone
What is the function of osteoblasts?
to rebuild bone
What type of tissue makes up bone?
connective tissue
oste
bone
peri-
surrounding
-um
noun ending
The tough, fibrous tissue that forms the outermost covering of bone
Periosteum
The dense, hard, and very strong bone that forms the protective outer layer of bones.
Compact bone (aka cortical bone)
The porous part of bone found in the ends and inner portions of long bones as well as in the pelvic bones, ribs, and vertebrae of the spinal column
Spongy bone (aka cancellous bone)
Where is red bone marrow often located?
spongy bone
Name 2 examples of long bones
Femur, humerus
The central cavity located in the shaft of long bones, where it is surrounded by compact bone.
the medullary cavity
Where is red and yellow bone marrow stored?
the medullary cavity
What does medullary mean?
pertaining to the inner section
end-
within
The tissue that lines the medullary cavity
the endosteum
What does hemopoietic mean? (aka hematopoietic)
pertaining to the formation of red blood cells
hem/o
blood
-poietic
pertaining to the formation
A hemopoietic tissue that makes red blood cells, hemoglobin, white blood cells, and thrombocytes
red bone marrow
A fat storage area
yellow bone marrow
The smooth, rubbery, blue-white connective tissue that acts as a shock absorber between bones and makes up flexible parts of the skeleton
cartilage
Definition of articulate
come together
This covers the surfaces of bones where they come together to make smooth joint movement possible and protects the bones from rubbing against each other
Articular cartilage
The curved, fibrous cartilage found in some joints such as the knee and temporomandibular joint of the jaw
the meniscus
The shaft of a long bone
diaphysis
The wider ends of long bones
epiphyses
The end of the bone located nearest to the midline of the body
proximal epiphysis
The end of the bone located farthest away from the midine of the body
distal epiphysis
An opening in a bone through which blood vessels, nerves, and ligaments pass
foramen
The spinal cord passes through the ___________ of the occipital bone at the base of the skull
foramen magnum
A normal projection on the surface of a bone that most commonly serves as an attachment for a muscle or tendon
process
The bony projection located on the temporal bones just behind the ears
mastoid process
The place of union between 2 or more bones
joints (aka articulations)
3 types of joints
fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial
Consisting of inflexible layers of dense connective tissue, these hold the bones tightly together
fibrous joints (aka sutures)
The flexible soft spots that allow the passage of an infant through the birth canal
fontanelles (aka soft spots)
What type of tissue are fontanelles?
fibrous joints
These types of joints allow only slight movement and consist of bones connected entirely by cartilage
cartilaginous joints
The cartilaginous joint, located in the pelvis, allows some movement to facilitate childbirth
pubic symphysis
Type of joint created where 2 bones articulate to permit a variety of motions
synovial joint
2 types of synovial joints and the difference between the two
BALL-AND-SOCKET joints (hips and shoulders) allow wide range of movement in many directions while HINGE joints allow movement primarily in one direction or plane
The 5 components of synovial joints
synovial capsule, synovial membrane, synovial fluid, ligaments, bursae
The outermost layer of strong fibrous tissue that resembles a sleeve as it surrounds the joint
synovial capsule
This lines the synovial capsule and secretes synovial fluid
synovial membrane
Acts as a lubricant to make the smooth movement of a joint possible
synovial fluid
Bands of fibrous tissue that form joints by connecting one bone to another bone or by joining a bone to cartilage
ligaments
A fibrous sac that acts as a cushion to ease movement in areas that are subject to friction
bursa
The skeleton is divided into what two skeletal systems for descriptive purposes?
Axial Skeleton, Appendicular Skeleton
What does the axial skeleton protect?
The major organs of the nervous, respiratory, and circulatory systems
What does the appendicular skeleton protect?
the organs of digestion, excretion, and reproduction
What are the 2 parts of the appendicular sketeton?
The upper and lower extremities
What does the skull consist of?
Cranium bones (8), face bones (14), middle ear (6)
crani
skull
What is made up of 8 bones and protects the brain?
the cranium
The anterior portion of the cranium that forms the forehead.
frontal bone
2 of the largest bones of the skull the form most of the roof and upper sides of the cranium
parietal bones
Forms the back part of the skull and base of the cranium
occipital bone
Form the sides and base of the cranium
temporal bones
Define meatus
the external opening of a canal
The opening of the external auditory canal of the outer ear
external auditory meatus
This , wedge -shaped bone at the base of the skull makes contact with all the other cranial bones
sphenoid bone
Light, spongy bone located at the rood and sides of the nose
ethmoid bone
orbit
the bony socket that surrounds and protects each eyeball
What are the smallest bones in the human body and where are they located?
the auditory ossicles located in the middle ear
What are the names of the 3 auditory ossicles?
malleus, incus, and stapes
Form the upper part of the bridge of the nose
nasal bones
AKA cheekbones, articulate with frontal bone
zygomatic bones
form most of the upper jaw
maxillary bones (aka maxillae or maxilla-singular)
Form the anterior part of the hard palate of the mouth and floor of the nose
palatine bones
Make up part of the orbit at the inner angle
lacrimal bones
Thin, scroll-like bones that form part of the interior of the nose
interior conchae
Nasal septum
the cartilage wall that divides the 2 nasal cavities
Forms the base for the nasal septum
the Vomer bone
The only movable bone of the skull
mandible (aka jawbone)
How is the mandile attached to the skull?
the temporomandibular joint
The bony structure that protects the heart and lungs
the thoracic cavity aka ribcage
Costals
ribs
How many ribs are there?
12 pairs
The 1st seven pairs of ribs that attach anteriorly to the sternum
true ribs
Ribs 8-10 that anteriorly to cartilage that connects them to the sternum
false ribs
Ribs 11 & 12 that are only attached posteriorly to the vertebrae
floating ribs
The 3 parts of the sternum (breastbone)
manubrium, body, xiphoid process
The shoulders form the ______ which supports the arms and hands.
pectoral girdle (aka shoulder girdle)
A slender bone that connects the manubrium to the scapula
clavicle (aka collar bone)
aka shoulder blade
scapula
The extension of the scapula that forms the high point of the shoulder
acromion
The bone of the upper arm
humerus
The smaller and shorter bone of the forearm that runs up the thumb side.
Radius (“rad man”)
The larger and longer bone of the forearm that forms part of the elbow joint
ulna
The funny bone
the olecranon process
The bones that form the wrist
carpals (8)
The carpals form this where nerves and tendons pass through
carpal tunnel
The 5 bones that form the palms of the hand
metacarpals
The 14 bones of the fingers/toes
phalanges
the 3 parts of the four fingers (in to out)
proximal phalanx, middle phalanx, distal phalanx
the 2 parts of the thumb (in to out)
Proximal phalanx, distal phalanx
This protects the spinal cord and supports the head and body
the spinal column (aka vertebral column)
How many vertebrae make up the spinal cord?
26
The solid anterior portion of the vertebra
the boy of the vertebra
The posterior portion of the vertebra
lamina (plural laminae)
The opening in the middle of the vertebra that allows the spinal cord to pass through.
vertebral foramen
These are made of cartilage and separate and cushion the vertebrae from each other
intervertebral disks
The 5 types of vertebrae and their respective numbers
Cervical (C1-C7), Thoracic (T1-T12), Lumbar (L1-L5), Sacrum, Coccyx
What protects the internal organs, supports the lower extremities, and contacts the sacrum, coccyx, and pelvic girdle?
the pelvis
The 3 parts of the pelvic girdle
ilium, pubis, ischium
The broad, blade-shaped bone that formss the back and sides of the pubic bone
ilium
The slightly movable articulation between the sacrum and posterior portion of the ilium
the sacroiliac
sacr/o
sacrum
ili
ilium
-ac
pertaining to
Forms the lower posterior portion of the pubic bone, bears the weight when sitting
ischium
Forms the anterior portion of the pubic bone, located just below the urinary bladder
pubis
Symphysis
a place where 2 bones are closely joined
The cartilaginous joint that unites the left and right pubic bones
the pubic symphasis
What are the pubic bones
the ilium, ischium, and pubis fused together by the pubic symphasis after a child matures
The large circular cavity in each side of the pelvis that articulates with the head of the femur to form the hip joint
the acetabulum (aka hip socket)
The largest bones in the body
the femur (aka thigh bones)
This part of the femur articulates with the acetabulum
the head of the femur
Narrow area just below the head of the femur
femoral neck
The bony anterior portion of the knee
the patella (aka kneecap)
the term used to describe the posterior space behind where the ligaments, vessels, and muscles related to this joint are located
popliteal
These make movement of the knee possible
the cruciate ligaments (anterior and posterior)
The larger weight-bearing bone of the lower leg
the tibia (aka shinbone)
The smaller bone of the lower leg
the fibula (“you must be fibbing”)
Joints that connect the lower leg and foot and make movements possible
ankles
Bones that make up the ankes
tarsals (7)
A round bony projection on each side of the tibia and fibula on the sides of each ankle joint
malleolus (pleural malleoli)
the ankle bone that articulates with the tibia and fibula
the talus
the largest of the tarsal bones
the calcaneus (aka heel bone)
The part of the foot to which toes are attached
metatarsals
the toes
phalanges
Holds a DC degree and specializes in the manipulative treatment of disorders originating of the spine
Chiropractor
Holds a DO and uses traditional forms of medical treatment in addition to specializing in treating health problems by spinal manipulation
Osteopath
Osteopathy
the medical practice done by osteopaths; or any bone disease
Specializes in diagnosing and treating disorders of the foot
Podiatrist
A physician who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of arthritis and disorders such as OP, fibromyalgia, and tendinitis that are characterized by inflammation in the joints and connective tissue
rheumatologist
ankly
crooked, bent, or stiff
The loss of absence of mobility in a joint due to disease, injury, or a surgical procedure
Ankylosis
capsul
little box
Painful ankylosis of the shoulder
Adhesive capsulitis (aka frozen shoulder)
arthr/o
joint
-sclerosis
abnormal hardening
Stiffness in the joints
Arthrosclerosis
a fluid-filled sac behind the knee
a Baker’s cyst (aka popliteal cyst). Usually from excess synovial fluid
bursitis
an inflammation of the bursa
chondr/o
cartilage
-malacia
abnormal softening
Chondromalacia
the abnormal softening of cartilage
cost/o
rib
Costochondritis
inflammation of the cartilage that connects a rib to the sternum
Hallux valgus
(aka bunion) an abnormal enlargement of the joint at the base of the great toe
Hemarthrosis
blood within a joint
poly-
many
my
muscle
-algia
pain
Polymyalgia rheumatica
an inflammatory disorder of the muscles and joints characterized by pain and stiffness in the neck, shoulders, upper arms, hips and thighs.
sprain
when a ligment that connects bones to a joint is wrenched or torn
synovitis
inflammation of the synovial membrane that results in swelling and pain of the affected joint
synov
synovial membrane
Dislocation
(aka luxation) the TOTAL displacement of a bone from its joint
Subluxation
the PARTIAL displacement of a bone from its joint
Arthritis
an inflammatory condition of one or more joints
AKA wear-and tear arthritis or DJD, it is characterized by the wearing away of the articular cartilage within the joints and is commonly associated with aging
osteoarthritis
Osteophytes
bone spurs
spondyl
vertebrae
-osis
abnormal condition or disease
spondylosis
(aka spinal osteoarthritis) degenerative d/o where there is loss of normal spinal structure and function
Gout
a type of arthritis characterized by deposits of uric acid crystals in the joints
RA
Rheumatoid arthritis- a chronic autoimmune d/o in which the joints and some organs are attacked
Ankylosing
the progressive stiffening of a joint or joints
A form of RA that primarily causes inflammation of the joints between the vertebrae
ankylosing spondylitis
The breaking apart of an intervertebral disk that results in pressure on spinal nerve roots
herniated disk (aka slipped or ruptured disk)
Lumb
lumbar
-ago
diseased condition
Lumbago
(aka low back pain) pain of the lumbar region of the spine
-listhesis
slipping
The forward slipping movement of the body of one of the lower lumbar vertebrae on the vertebra or sacrum below it
Spondylolisthesis
Spina
pertaining to the spine
Bifida
split
A congenital defect that occurs during early pregnancy when the spinal cord canal fails to close completely around the spinal cord.
Spina bifida
An abnormal increase in the outward curvature of the thoracic spine
kyphosis (aka humpback or dowager’s hump)
kyph
hump
An abnormal increase in the forward curvature of the lumbar spine
Lordosis (aka swayback)
lord
bent backward
An abnormal lateral curvature of the spine
scoliosis
scoli
curved
An area of bone tissue death caused by insufficient blood flow
Avascular necrosis (aka osteonecrosis)
A malformation of the skull due to the premature closure of the cranial sutures
craniostenosis
An inflammation of bone
Osteitis (aka ostitis)
An abnormal softening of bones in adults usually caused by a defiency in calcium, vit d, or phosphate
osteomalacia (aka adult rickets)
An inflammation of the bone marrow and adjacent bone
osteomyelitis
A chronic bone disease of unknown cause characterized by the abnormal breakdown of bone followed by abnormal bone formation
Paget’s disease
An inflammation of the periosteum
periostitis
A deficiency dz occurring in children characterized by defective bone growth resulting from lack of vit D
Rickets
A condition resulting from the failure of the bones of the limbs to grow to appropriate length
Short stature (aka dwarfism)
A congenital deformity of the foot involving the talus
talipes (clubfoot)
A malignant tumor that originates in bone
Primary bone cancer
A tumor that occurs in the bones of the upper arm, legs pevis, or rib that peaks between ages 10-20
Ewing’s sarcoma
Tumors that have metastasized to bones from other organs
Secondary bone cancer
A type of cancer that occurs in blood-making cells found in the red bone marrow
myeloma
A benign bony projection covered with cartilage
osteochondroma (aka exostosis)
por
small opening
A loss of bone density and an increase in bone porosity that is associated with aging
osteoporosis
-penia
deficiency
Thinner-than-average bone density associated with aging, smoking, drinking, lack of calcium or calories
Osteopenia
What 3 types of fractures is related to osteoporosis?
- compression fracture
- Colles’ fracture
- Osteoporotic hip fracture
Occurs when the bone is pressed together on itself and can result in pain, loss of height, and a dowager’s hump.
compression fracture (vertebral crush fracture)
Fracture that occurs at the lower end of the radius when a person tries to stop a fall by landing on the hand
Colles’ fracture (fractured wrist)
Fracture
broken bone
Closed fracture (simple or complete)
broken bone with no open wound
Open fracture (compound)
broken bone and open wound
Comminuted fracture
bone is splintered or crushed
Greenstick fracture (incomplete)
bone is bent and only partially broken
oblique fracture
break is at angle
pathologic fracture
weakened bone breaks under normal strain
spiral fracture
bone has been twisted apart
stress fracture
overuse injury, small crack from chronic excessive impact.
transverse fracture
break straight across bone
Fat embolus
can form when a long bone is fractured and fat cells from yellow bone marrow are released into the blood
embolus
any foreign matter circulating in the blood that can become lodged and block the blood vessel
the grating sound heard when the ends of a broken bone move together
crepitation (aka crepitus)
Callus
A bulging deposit around the area of a break of the bone as it heals; also a thickening of the skin caused by repeated rubbing
Radiograph
x-ray
The visual examination of the internal structure of a joint
arthroscopy
A diagnostic test that may be necessary after abnormal types or numbers of red or while blood cells are found in a CBC
a bone marrow biopsy
The use of a syringe to withdraw tissue from the red bone marrow
bone marrow aspiration
Used to image soft tissue structures
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Used to determine losses or changes in bone density
bone density testing (BDT)
Screening test where sound waves are used to take measurements of the calcaneus
ultrasonic bone density testing
A low-exposure radiographic measurement of the spine and hips to measure bone density
dual x-ray absorptiometry (DXA)
Used to treat certain types of cancers such as leukemia and lymphomas
bone marrow transplant (BMT)
allogenic
originating within another
Type of BMT that uses healthy bone marrow cells from a compatible donor
Allogenic BMT
Type of BMT where patient uses own bone marrow cells that have been treated
autologous BMT
A mechanical appliance which is designed to correct impaired limb function
orthotic
A substitute for a diseased or missing body part
prosthesis
-desis
to bind, tie together (“deez nuts”)
The surgical fusion of 2 bones to stiffen a joint
Arthrodesis (“Deez nuts) aka surgical ankylosis
The surgical loosening of an ankylosed joint
Arthrolysis
-lysis
loosening or setting free but can also mean patholgic state or therapeutic procedure)
A minimally invasive procedure for the treatment of the interior of a joint
arthroscopic surgery
The surgical repair of damaged cartilage
chondroplasty
The surgical removal of a synovial membrane from a joint
synovectomy
Arthroplasty
the surgical repair of a damaged joint or surgical placement of an artifical joint.
The prosthesis that is used for a joint replacement
implant
Describe the difference between a THR and hip resurfacing.
In a THR/THA, the head of the femur is removed and replaced with a metal ball while in hip resurfacing, instead of removing the head of the femur, a metal cap is placed over it. In both procedures a lining is fitted in to the acetabulum.
The replacement of a worn or failed implant
revision surgery
percutaneous
performed through the skin
Performed to treat a herniated intervertebral disk
percutaneous diskectomy
Performed to treat op-related compression fxs
percutaneous vertebroplasty
The surgical removal of a lamina or posterior portion of a vertebra
laminectomy
A technique to immobilize part of the spine by joining together 2 or more vertebrae
spinal fusion
The surgical removal of a portion of the skull
craniectomy
A surgical incision or opening into the skull
craniotomy
Cranioplasty
the surgical repair of the skull
Osteoclasis
the surgical fracture of a bone to correct a deformity
Ostectomy
the surgical removal of bone
Osteorrhaphy
the surgical suturing, or wiring together, of bones
osteotomy
the surgical cutting of a bone
Periosteotomy
an incision through the periosteum to the bone
The attempted realignment of the bone involved in a fracture or joint dislocation
(aka manipulation) Closed reduction
Surgery used when a closed reduction is not possible
open reduction
The act of holding, suturing, or fastening the bone in a fixed position with strapping or a cast
Immobilization
A pulling force exerted on a limb in a distal direction in an effort to return the bone or joint to normal alignment
traction
A fracture treatment where pins are placed through the skin and bone so an external appliance can hold the bone in place during healing. (removed)
external fixation
A fracture treatment in which plates or pins are placed directly into the bone to hold broken pieces in place. (not usually removed)
internal fixation (aka open reduction internal fixation ORIF)
