Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology 1406-03 > Chapter 8: The Cell Cycle > Flashcards

Chapter 8: The Cell Cycle Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

cell division is used for?

A
  1. reproduction
  2. growth
  3. regeneration
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

unicellular organisms use cell division primarily for

A

reproduction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

in multicellular organisms cell division is important to

A

growth and repair of tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the four events that must occur for cell division?

A
  1. reproductive signal
  2. replication
  3. segregation
  4. cytokinesis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is a reproductive signal?

A

a signal that initiates cell division

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Segregation refers to…

A

the distribution of DNA into the two new cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is cytokinesis?

A

the separation of the two new cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

In prokaryotes, what results in two new cells?

A

binary fission

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the signals for replication of prokaryotes?

A

external factors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What two types of external factors signal for binary fission?

A
  1. nutrient concentration

2. environmental conditions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

For many bacteria what speeds up the division cycle?

A

an abundant supply of food

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Explain the 3 steps in binary fission

A
  1. a single circular chromosome replicates and separates
  2. cytokinesis
  3. new cell wall materials are synthesized -> separation of two cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What happens during cytokinesis of binary fission

A

protein fibers form a ring and pinch off the plasma membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

single-cell eukaryotes replicate by

A

budding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

complex eukaryotes originate from

A

a single cell, the fertilized egg (zygote)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

complex eukaryotic cells results from the union of….

A

gametes containing genetic material from both parents

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the two cell types?

A
  1. germ cells

2. somatic cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

germ cells produce

A

gametes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

gametes only contain…

A

one set of chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

A haploid number of chromosomes is=

A

1n

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

fertilization is when…

A

two haploid gametes fuse

-female egg and male sperm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

fertilization forms a

A

diploid zygote

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

a diploid zygote only contain…

A

2n

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

gametes are specialized for..

A

reproduction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

gametes reside in

A

primary sex organs

  • testis
  • ovaries
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

somatic cells are NOT

A

specialized for reproduction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

somatic cells contain…

A

23 homologous pairs of chromosomes with corresponding genes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

each parent contributes one

A

homolog (23 chromosomes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

meiosis occurs in

A

germ cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

meiosis produces

A

4 haploid (1n) daughter cells genetically diff. from each other and from parent cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

mitosis results in

A

2 identical diploid (2n) sister cells identical to the parent cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

most of the lifetime of a cell is NOT spent doing

A

cell division

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

the cell cycle are a series of events that

A

occur to produce two eukaryotic cells from one

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What are the phases the cell cycle consists of?

A

1.

2.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What are the 3 sub-phases of interphase?

A
  1. G1
  2. S phase
  3. G2
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

G1 is located between

A

the end of mitosis and S phase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What occurs during the S phase?

A

DNA replicates; each chromosome is now a pair -> two sister chromatids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

During G2…

A

the cell prepares for mitosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

interphase DOES NOT involve

A

mitosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

the cell remains in G1 until

A

a signal of replication is received

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

The M phase is where ______ and ______ occurs

A

mitosis and cytokinesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Where does chromatin form?

A

forms when replicated DNA is complexed with proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What coats the DNA to make it more compact?

A

condensins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

sister chromatids are held together by cohesions at the

A

centromere

45
Q

what are histones?

A

proteins that attract phosphate groups of DNA

46
Q

chromosomes that have histones causes the formation of

A

nucleosomes

47
Q

How does chromatin appear during mitosis and meiosis?

A

coiled and condensed until chromatids move apart

48
Q

kinetochores are

A

the area where microtubules attach to chromosomes

49
Q

As DNA replicates the ______ doubles.

A

centrosome

50
Q

centrosomes consist of

A

two centrioles

51
Q

prophase is known as the ______ phase

A

preparation

52
Q

during prophase cohesion _______ and ______ become visible

A

disappears

chromatids

53
Q

during prophase _____ forms the centromere regions

A

kinetochores

54
Q

microtubules form the

A

mitotic spindle

55
Q

during prometaphase the nucleus

A

“disappears”

56
Q

during prometaphase kinetochores attach to

A

the microtubules and push towards the equatorial plate

57
Q

during metaphase the centromeres….

A

arrive at the equatorial plate

58
Q

the centromere at the equator of the cell is critical for

A

equal division of chromosomes into daughter cells

59
Q

during anaphase the sister chromatids

A

separate and move to opposite ends of the spindle

60
Q

name two motor proteins

A

kinesin

dynein

61
Q

motor proteins attach to

A

kinetochores and microtubules

62
Q

during anaphase MT….

A

shorten pulling chromosomes toward poles

63
Q

what are the four things that happen in telophase?

A
  1. spindle breaks down
  2. nuclear envelope reform
  3. chromosomes uncoil
  4. two daughter nuclei are formed with identical genetic information
64
Q

cytokinesis is when

A

the cell membrane pinches off, separating the two newly formed daughter cells

65
Q

how is cytokinesis distinguished in animal cells?

A

by the formation of a cleavage furrow

66
Q

the cleavage furrow is formed by

A

actin filaments

67
Q

cytokinesis distinguished in plant cells by the formation of

A

a cell plate

68
Q

how is the cell plate formed?

A

vesicles containing the cell wall material align and then fuse

69
Q

what are the two irreversible points of the cell cycle?

A
  1. replication of DNA

2. separation of sister chromatids

70
Q

what two check point can put the cycle on hold?

A
  1. DNA checked for accuracy

2. cell is able to respond and make repairs

71
Q

the cell cycle is the most highly controlled

A

physiological process

72
Q

two things that happen during the G1/S checkpoint

A
  1. cell “divides”

2. primary external signal influence

73
Q

what happens during the G2/M checkpoint?

A
  1. cell commits to mitosis

2. assesses success of DNA replication

74
Q

what happens during the late metaphase (spindle) checkpoint?

A

ensures that all chromosomes are attached to the spindle

75
Q

transitions of the cell cycle depend on what protein?

A

cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk)

76
Q

How is Cdk activated?

A

by binding to cyclin

77
Q

the cyclin Cdk complex triggers the transition from

A

G1 to S

78
Q

cyclin and Cdk act like

A

on/off switches

79
Q

growth factors trigger

A

intracellular signaling systems

80
Q

platelet-derived growth factor signals

A

cells at a wound site to divide

81
Q

growth factor signals override…

A

controls that normally inhibit cell division

82
Q

list 3 ways that cancer cells can be mutated

A
  1. make their own growth factor
  2. divide without a growth factor signal
  3. bypass the cell-death control system
83
Q

cancer is known as

A

uncontrolled growth of cells

84
Q

what are the two genes that can promote cancer when mutated?

A
  1. tumor-suppressor genes

2. proto-oncongenes

85
Q

what is the function of the tumor-suppressor genes?

A

to stop the cell cycle if DNA is damaged leads to a repair that is stimulated

86
Q

what are proto-oncogenes?

A

normal cellular genes that become oncogenes when mutated

87
Q

what was the first tumor suppressor that was identified?

A

retinoblastoma

88
Q

what is the break mechanism that launches cellular death?

A

p53 protein

89
Q

asexual reproduction produces offspring that are

A

genetically identical to the parent

90
Q

meiosis produces gametes that

A

differ genetically from the parents

91
Q

what are the two different types of cells?

A
  1. somatic cells

2. germ cells

92
Q

in somatic cells each parent contributes one

A

homolog

93
Q

germs cells only contain

A

one set of chromosomes

94
Q

in most animals which state dominates?

A

the diploid state

95
Q

the sexual life cycle is made up of

A

meiosis and fertilization

96
Q

in meiosis DNA is ONLY

A

replicated once

97
Q

the nuclear divisions of meiosis occur during

A

meiosis I and meiosis II

98
Q

meiosis ensures that each gamete has

A

a single full set of chromosomes

99
Q

meiosis includes two rounds of

A

division

100
Q

when does synapsis occur?

A

during early prophase I

101
Q

synapsis occurs the formation of

A

synaptonemal complexes

tetrad/ bivalents

102
Q

what is crossing over?

A

genetic recombination between non-sister chromatids

103
Q

during crossing over homologues exchange

A

chromosomal genetic material

104
Q

what is chiasmata?

A

the site of crossing over

105
Q

the sister chromatids remain together until after

A

metaphase II

106
Q

in meiosis II the sister chromatids may not be identical due to

A

crossing over

107
Q

what are the two opportunities for diversity?

A
  1. crossing over

2. independent assortment

108
Q

what are the three differences between meiosis I and mitosis?

A
  1. synapsis and crossing over
  2. sister chromatids remain joined throughout meiosis I
  3. homologous pairs separate randomly at anaphase I

Biology 1406-03 (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions