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Biology 1406-03 > Chapter 3: Structure and Function of Molecules > Flashcards

Chapter 3: Structure and Function of Molecules Flashcards

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1
Q

what four molecules are composed of carbon compounds?

A

proteins, DNA, carbohydrates, lipids

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2
Q

framework of biological molecules consists primarily of carbon bonded to…

A

C. H, O, N, P. S

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3
Q

carbon forms…

A

4 covalent bonds

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4
Q

hydrocarbons are

A

molecules consisting only of carbon and hydrogen

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5
Q

what allows carbon to bond with different atoms?

A

the electron configuration

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6
Q

carbon frequently bonds with

A

H, O, N

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7
Q

hydrocarbons that undergo reactions can release?

A

larger amounts of energy

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8
Q

what is an isomer?

A

compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures and properties

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9
Q

What are the three types of isomers?

A
  1. structural isomers
  2. cis-trans isomers
  3. enantiomers
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10
Q

structural isomers

A

have different covalent arrangements of their atoms

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11
Q

cis-tans isomers

A

have the same covalent bonds but different spatial arrangements

cis isomer: x’s are on the same side

trans isomer: x’s are on the opposite side

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12
Q

enantiomers are

A

isomers that are mirror images of each other

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13
Q

What are the seven functional groups that are most important in the chemistry of life?

A
  1. hydroxyl group
  2. carbonyl group
  3. carboxyl group
  4. amino group
  5. sulfhydryl group
  6. phosphate group
  7. methyl group
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14
Q

Functional groups…

A

transform the carbon chain

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15
Q

what are the functional groups of carbohydrates?

A

-OH (hydroxyl)

C=O (carbonyl)

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16
Q

What are the functional groups of amino acids?

A
  • COOH (carboxyl)

- NH2 (amino group)

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17
Q

Sulfhydryl (-SH)

A

stabilizes protein structure and is critical in protein folding

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18
Q

What is the functional group of phospholipids and DNA

A

-OPO 3^2- (phosphate group)

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19
Q

how is the functional group phosphate unique?

A

it forma 5 bonds

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20
Q

The Methyl group (-CH3) is important for

A

gene expression

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21
Q

the most important type of phosphate is

A

ATP adenosine triphosphate

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22
Q

Macromolecules are…

A

large complex molecules

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23
Q

what are the four biological molecules?

A
  1. carbohydrates
  2. lipids
  3. proteins
  4. nucleic acids
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24
Q

A polymer is…

A

a long molecule consisting of many similar building blocks

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25
Q

A monomer is…

A

repeating units that serve as building

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26
Q

What macromolecules are polymers?

A
  1. carbohydrates
  2. proteins
  3. nucleic acids
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27
Q

enzymes are…

A

specialized macromolecules that speed up chemical reactions

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28
Q

enzymes ____ or ____ _____ polymers.

A

make; break down

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29
Q

What is dehydration synthesis?

A

two monomers bond together trough loss of a water molecule

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30
Q

What is hydrolysis?

A

polymers broken down to monomers by water

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31
Q

ALL enzymes are

A

proteins

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32
Q

carbohydrates serve as

A

fuel and building material

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33
Q

carbohydrates include

A

sugars and the polymers of sugars

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34
Q

carbohydrate monomers are…

A

monosaccharides

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35
Q

carbohydrates are good at

A

storing energy

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36
Q

carbohydrates polymer are…

A

polysaccharides

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37
Q

ALL carbohydrates have a 1:2:1 ratio with

A

H, O, C

38
Q

monosaccharides are classified by…

A
  1. the location of the carbonyl groups (C=O)
  2. the number of carbons
  3. the arrangement of the hydroxyl groups (-OH)
39
Q

What is the difference between structural and stereo isomers?

A

structural isomers are identified by the location of the bonded carbonyl group. Stereo isomers are identified by the orientation of the hydroxyl group.

40
Q

Disaccharides are

A

2 monosaccharides linked together by dehydration synthesis

41
Q

monosaccharides are

A

the simplest sugars

42
Q

glyosidic linkage

A

when carbon of a monosaccharide in a disaccharide is bonded to another monosaccharide through an oxygen atom

43
Q

polysaccharides are

A

long chains of monosaccharides

44
Q

polysaccharides are linked through

A

dehydration synthesis

45
Q

polysaccharide’s shape and function is determined by

A

the sugar monomers and the glyosidic linkages

46
Q

structural support of polysaccharides are…

A

cellulose, and chitin

47
Q

cellulose is a

A

major component of the plant cell wall

48
Q

What is the storage of polysaccharides in plants and animals?

A

plants: starch
animals: glycogen

49
Q

fats are constructed from two smaller molecules which are..

A
  1. glyerol

2. fatty acid

50
Q

Glycerol is a

A

3-carbon alcohol with a hydroxyl group attached to each carbon

51
Q

a fatty acid consists of

A

a carboxyl group attached to a long carbon skeleton

52
Q

fats are linked through

A

ester linkages

53
Q

phospholipids are composed of

A
  • glycerol
  • 2 fatty acids (nonpolar tails)
  • a phosphate group (polar head)
54
Q

carbohydrates are bonded through…

A

glycosidic linkages

55
Q

functions of proteins include

A
  • speeding up chemical reactions

- defense, storage, transport, cellular communication, movement, regulation, structural support

56
Q

monomers of proteins are

A

set of 20 amino acids

57
Q

polymers of proteins are

A

polypeptides

58
Q

polypeptides are…

A

unbranched chains of amino acids

59
Q

amino acids are…

A

molecules with amino, carboxyl, and R groups

60
Q

hydrophobic side chains (R groups) consist of

A

carbohydrates (C & H)

61
Q

hydrophilic side chains (R groups) consist of

A

oxygen (polar)

62
Q

R groups that are electrically charged are considered to be

A

hydrophilic

63
Q

amino acids are linked by dehydration synthesis to form covalent ____ ____.

A

peptide bonds

64
Q

each polypeptide has a carboxyl and amino end which are called/

A

C-terminus

N-terminus

65
Q

specific activity of proteins result from…

A

the unique 3-D shape

66
Q

The four levels of protein structure are…

A
  1. primary
  2. secondary
  3. tertiary
  4. quaternary
67
Q

the primary structure is

A

a linear sequence of amino acids

ex: letters in a long word

68
Q

the secondary structure results from

A

hydrogen bonds between amino acid monomer R-groups in the polypeptide chain

69
Q

the two secondary structures are

A
  1. alpha helix

2. beta pleated sheet

70
Q

the tertiary structure is formed by

A

the overall shape of a polypeptide, these result from interactions between R groups of secondary structures

71
Q

What are disulfide bridges?

A

strong covalent bonds that reinforce the protein’s structure

72
Q

quaternary structure happens when…

A

a complete protein consists of multiple folded polypeptides

73
Q

protein shape is affected by

A

temperature and changes in pH

74
Q

Denaturation is…

A

the loss of a protein’s natural shape

75
Q

nucleic acids…

A

store, transport, and help express hereditary information

76
Q

A gene is

A

a unit of heritance consisting of DNA which encodes the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide

77
Q

the polymer and monomer of genes are…

A

polymer: nucleic acid
monomer: nucleotides

78
Q

What are the two types of nucleic acids?

A
  1. deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

2. ribonucleic acid (RNA)

79
Q

DNA directs the synthesis of

A

messenger RNA

80
Q

Gene expression is..

A

the process where DNA instructions synthesizes proteins

81
Q

Ribosomes are the only machines that know how to read mRNA, what is this process called?

A

translation

82
Q

nucleotides are composed of

A
  • nitrogen containing base
  • pentose sugar
  • one or more phosphate groups
83
Q

What causes the difference in the sugars of DNA and RNA

A
  • RNA is composed of OH

- DNA is composed of H

84
Q

What are the nitrogenous bases of DNA and RNA?

A

DNA- ATGC

RNA- AUCG

85
Q

nucleotides are joined by dehydration synthesis to form a

A

phosphodiester linkage

86
Q

What creates the “rails” of DNA?

A

a sugar-phosphate backbone

87
Q

What forms the steps of the ladder in DNA

A

nitrogenous bases held together with hydrogen bonds

88
Q

Antiparallel is the

A

arrangement of backbones running in opposite directions

89
Q

Complementary base pairing is…

A

bonding with corresponding pair of nitrogenous base (A+T)

90
Q

RNA is _____ _____ and can form _____ structures.

A

single stranded

variable

91
Q

ATP is a

A

nucleotide

Biology 1406-03 (10 decks)

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