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Biology 1406-03 > Chapter 4: The Tour of a Cell > Flashcards

Chapter 4: The Tour of a Cell Flashcards

1
Q

Cells were discovered by

A

Robert Hooke in 1665

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2
Q

Who proposed the cell theory?

A

Schleiden and Schwann

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3
Q

Cells arise only from…

A

pre-existing cells

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4
Q

all cells represent a…

A

a continuous line of descent from the first living cells

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5
Q

limitation of cell size relies on the

A

diffusion of substances in and out of cells

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6
Q

rate of diffusion is affected by…

A
  • surface area available
  • temperature
  • concentration gradient
  • distance
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7
Q

as cell size _____ its volume _____ more rapidly than its _____ _____.

A

increases

increases

surface area

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8
Q

How can an organism have an advantage over another organism?

A

by being made up of many small cells

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9
Q

some cells overcome limitation by…

A

being long and skinny (ex: neurons)

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10
Q

Structural similarities in cells are…

A
  1. nucleoid or nucleus
  2. cytoplasm
  3. ribosomes
  4. plasma membrane
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11
Q

cytoplasm is a

A

semifluid matrix of organelles and cytosol

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12
Q

ribosomes

A

synthesize proteins

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13
Q

plasma membrane is a

A

selective phospholipid bilayer that allows passage of oxygen, nutrients, and waste products

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14
Q

prokaryotic cells

A
  1. simplest organisms
  2. lack a membrane-bound nucleus
  3. cell wall outside of plasma membrane
  4. contain ribosomes
  5. no membrane-bound organelles
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15
Q

The two sub-domains of prokaryotes are…

A

archaea and bacteria

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16
Q

most bacterial cells have a ____ ____ ____ composed of _____.

A

strong cell wall

peptidoglycan

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17
Q

cell walls….

A
  1. protects the cell
  2. maintains its shape
  3. prevents excessive uptake or loss of water
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18
Q

archaea do NOT have

A

a cell wall

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19
Q

susceptibility of bacteria to antibiotics depends on…

A

the structure of their cell walls

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20
Q

Flagella is NOT an

A

organelle

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21
Q

Flagella is a

A

naked thread of protein

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22
Q

Flagella is present in

A

some prokaryotic cells; sometimes more than one is present

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23
Q

A flagella is used for

A

locomotion

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24
Q

eukaryotic cells are…

A

larger than protists

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25
Q

eukaryotic cells have…

A
  1. internal membranes that compartmentalize their functions
  2. membrane-bound nucleus
  3. cytoskeleton
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26
Q

Most proteins are ____ which allows _____.

A

polar

membrane proteins to stay in membrane

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27
Q

eukaryotic cell’s genetic material is carries out by

A

ribosomes

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28
Q

what is the nucleolus?

A

a region where ribosomal RNA synthesis takes place

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29
Q

the nuclear envelope is made up of…

A
  • 2 phospholipid bilayers

- nuclear pores

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30
Q

nuclear pores control

A

passage of molecules in and out

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31
Q

nuclear lamina…

A
  • is made of strong cable-like proteins

- holds shape; supporting structure

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32
Q

cytoplasmic filament

A

filters the products that enter nucleus

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33
Q

fully assembled ribosomes move to

A

the outside of the RER

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34
Q

DNA combines with proteins to form

A

chromatin

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35
Q

before cell division chromatin aggregates to form

A

chromosomes

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36
Q

ribosomes are cell’s

A

protein synthesizing machines

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37
Q

ribosomes are found in…

A

all cell types in all three domains

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38
Q

ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is a

A

protein complex

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39
Q

protein synthesis also requires…

A

messenger RNA (mRNA) and transfer RNA (tRNA)

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40
Q

Ribosomes within the cell are found in

A

cytoplasm or associated w/ internal membranes

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41
Q

The endomembrane system…

A

regulates protein traffic and metabolic functions

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42
Q

the endomembrane consists of

A
  • nuclear envelope
  • endoplasmic reticulum
  • Golgi apparatus
  • lysosomes
  • vacuoles (in plants)
  • plasma membrane
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43
Q

vesicles..

A

fuse or connect endomembrane organelles via transfer; either directly or indirectly

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44
Q

What two organelles from the endomembrane system are NOT physically connected?

A
  1. nuclear envelope

2. endoplasmic reticulum

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45
Q

the rough endoplasmic reticulum is…

A

physically connected to the smooth endoplasmic reticulum

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46
Q

the rough endoplasmic reticulum is..

A

physically connected to the smooth endoplasmic reticulum

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47
Q

Three characteristics of the endomembrane are…

A
  1. its a series of membranes throughout the cytoplasm
  2. it divides cell into compartments where different cellular functions occur
  3. its a fundamental distinction between eukaryotes and prokaryotes
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48
Q

The endomembrane system is how…

A

traffic is coordinated

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49
Q

rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) has ___ attached to its membrane?

A

ribosomes

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50
Q

the RER makes sure…

A

proteins are folded correctly

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51
Q

What synthesizes proteins?

A

ribosomes

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52
Q

in the RER proteins are secreted and sent to

A

lysosomes or the plasma membrane

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53
Q

the smooth endoplasmic reticulum is NOT where..

A

protein folding occurs

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54
Q

The SER functions are..

A
  • lipid synthesis
  • CA2+ storage
  • detoxification
  • carbohydrate metabolism
  • making cell membrane for RER
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55
Q

the SER is a ____ ____ for ____, which is critical in reducing high _____ ______.

A

holding
tank
calcium
calcium concentration

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56
Q

The SER acting as a holding tank is critical in not having a…

A

high calcium concentration

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57
Q

the Golgi Apparatus is a…

A

flattened stack of interconnected membranes

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58
Q

golgi apparatus is made of the…

A

cis and trans faces

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59
Q

in the golgi apparatus cargo vessels travel to the…

A

cis face

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60
Q

functions of golgi apparatus is…

A
  • clip pieces of proteins
  • add sugars to proteins
  • modify and sort molecules that are synthesized in one location and used at another
  • uses vesicles to transport molecules to their destination
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61
Q

the golgi apparatus is known as the

A

“UPS” center

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62
Q

lysosomes are membrane-bound…

A

digestive enzymes

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63
Q

lysosomes arise from…

A

golgi and endosomes

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64
Q

lysosome’s enzymes…

A

catalyze the breakdown of macromolecules transported into the cell

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65
Q

lysosomes function is to…

A

destroy cells or foreign matter that the cell has engulfed by phagocytosis

66
Q

proteins are delivered to…

67
Q

phagocytosis is when a…

A

lysosome is digesting food

68
Q

autophagy is when a…

A

lysosome breaks down damaged organelles

69
Q

autophagy is highly accelerated during…

A

physical activity, used as a energy source

70
Q

Organelles outside the endomembrane include…

A

-peroxisomes
-vacuoles
-mitochondria
chloroplasts

71
Q

peroxisomes contain…

A

enzymes involved in oxidation of fatty acids

72
Q

What is produced as a byproduct of peroxisomes breaking down molecules?

A

H2O2 (hydrogen peroxide)

73
Q

What is the enzyme that peroxisomes produce and what is its function?

A

enzyme: catalase

breaks down toxic materials making it harmless

74
Q

description words for peroxisomes are…

A
  • unusual
  • metabolic organelles
  • break down
75
Q

vacuoles are…

A

membrane-bound structures in plants

76
Q

vacuoles have various functions depending on..

A

the type of cell

77
Q

vacuoles are formed by the..

A

endoplasmic reticulum

78
Q

What are the three different types of vacuoles?

A
  • central vacuole in plant cells
  • contractile vacuole of some protists
  • storage vacuoles
79
Q

are vacuoles found in eukaryotic cells?

A

yes but very few

80
Q

vacuoles are found in..

A

amoeba and some protists

81
Q

mitochondria is found in…

A

all types of eukaryotic cells

82
Q

mitochondria have their own..

83
Q

mitochondria is the site of…

A

extracellular respiration (ATP production site)

84
Q

ALL cells MUST have?

A

mitochondria

85
Q

mitochondrial DNA is present in the ____ and comes from the _____.

A

egg

mother

86
Q

mitochondria is the ONLY organelle in animal cells that have..

A

2 membranes

87
Q

increased membrane leads to

A

increased energy

88
Q

on the surface of the Cell and embedded within it are…

A

proteins that carry out oxidative metabolism

89
Q

Chloroplasts are ONLY found in _____ and some _______ ___ and ____

A

plants

photosynthetic algae and bacteria

90
Q

chloroplasts have their OWN

91
Q

chloroplasts are found in

A

leaves, other green organs of plants and algae

92
Q

chloroplasts have…

A

two membranes

93
Q

chloroplasts expand to..

A

maximize photosynthesis

94
Q

chloroplasts contain?

A
  • chlorophyll
  • enzymes
  • other molecules that function in photosynthesis
95
Q

Thylakoids are

A

membranous sacs within the inner membrane of chloroplasts

96
Q

Grana are

A

stacks of thylakoids

97
Q

Similarities between mitochondria and chloroplasts are?

A
  • two membranes
  • have their own DNA
  • involved in energy transformation
  • both support endosymbiosis theory
98
Q

endosymbiosis states that..

A

one cell was engulfed by and became part of another cell, which was the precursor of modern eukaryotes

99
Q

endosymbiosis proposes that…

A

some eukaryotic organelles evolved by a symbiosis arising between two cells that were each free-living

100
Q

the cytoskeleton is a

A

extracellular matrix made of a network of fibers

101
Q

the cytoskeleton organizes…

A

cell’s structures and activities

102
Q

the cytoskeleton anchors

A

many organelles

103
Q

The cytoskeleton is composed of what three types of structures?

A
  1. microtubules
  2. microfilaments
  3. intermediate filaments
104
Q

microfilaments are two

A

intertwined actin filaments

105
Q

microfilaments are the smallest

A

of the three cytoskeleton proteins

106
Q

microfilaments are known as..

A

dynamic proteins

107
Q

microfilaments are chains of

A

singular globular proteins

108
Q

microfilaments form

A

cell surface projections

109
Q

microfilaments movements include…

A
  • contraction
  • crawling
  • “pinching”
110
Q

intermediate filaments are the ____ of the cytoskeleton proteins

A

middle-sized

111
Q

intermediate filaments are…

A

very stable and usually not broken down

112
Q

intermediate filaments are important in the

A

skin and nervous system

113
Q

intermediate filaments are known as _____ bc they form _____ _____ _____.

A

“cellular glue”

strong cellular connections

114
Q

intermediate filaments are not composed of

A

a string of beads

115
Q

intermediate filaments are found in the

A

skin and organs; giving it elasticity

116
Q

intermediate filaments are composed of

A

several different proteins

117
Q

microfilaments are about ____ long.

118
Q

intermediate filaments are between _____ long.

119
Q

microfilaments are important in changes in cell shape when it comes to

A

division of animal cells

120
Q

intermediate filaments are important to the

A
  • anchorage of the nucleus and other organelles

- formation of nuclear lamina

121
Q

microtubules are the ___ of the cytoskeleton elements

122
Q

microtubules form

A

hollow cylinders

123
Q

microtubules are made of

A

alpha and beta tubulin subunits

124
Q

microtubules facilitate movement of

A

cell and materials within cell

125
Q

microtubules are important in

A
  • cell division
  • cell movement
  • delivery of cargo vessels
126
Q

microtubules are between ____ long.

A

25 w/ 15 nm lumen

127
Q

microfilaments and intermediate filaments maintain cell shape bc they are?

A

tension-bearing elements

128
Q

microtubules maintain cell shape bc they are?

A

compression-resisting elements

129
Q

microtubules facilitate cell motility by..

A
  • chromosomal movements in cell division

- organelle movement

130
Q

centrioles are a

A

pair of cylindrical organelles

131
Q

centrioles are found in…

A

animal cells and most protists

132
Q

centrioles are absent in..

A

plants and fungi

133
Q

centrioles are oriented

A

perpendicular to one another

134
Q

two centrioles oriented perpendicular to each other compose a

A

centrosome

135
Q

centrosomes is the

A

region surrounding centrioles in almost ALL animal cells

136
Q

centrosomes are known as the

A

microtubule-organizing center

can begin the assembly of microtubles

137
Q

centrosomes are involved in the..

A

mitotic spindle

138
Q

cell movement is possible by the movement of ____ _____ , __________, or both.

A

actin filaments

microtubules

139
Q

some cells crawl using..

A

actin microfilaments

140
Q

eukaryotic protists use _____ and ____ for movement.

A

flagella
cilia

(not like prokaryotic flagella)

141
Q

cilia in eukaryotic protists are..

A

shorter and more numerous

142
Q

flagella is made from

A

microtubules

143
Q

an example of a eukaryotic cell that uses flagella and cilia for cell movement is?

A

sperm cells

144
Q

what causes cilia to bend?

A

sliding microtubules that extend into the basal body (identical to centrioles) in the cytoplasm

145
Q

cell walls are composed of…

A

cellulose and chitin

146
Q

eukaryotic cells walls are found in…

A

plants, fungi, and other protists

147
Q

eukaryotic cell walls are…

A

different from prokaryotes

148
Q

plants and protists have a cell wall composed of…

149
Q

fungi have a cell wall composed of…

150
Q

the extracellular matrix (ECM)

A
  • forms a protective layer

- integrins link matrix to the inner cytoskeleton

151
Q

collagen and elastin are abundant in the

152
Q

animal cells DO NOT have a

153
Q

cells secrete ________ into the external space

A

glycoproteins

154
Q

collagen and elastin are

A

intermediate filaments that keep region hydrated

155
Q

the ECM is a barrier for

A

bacterial invasions

156
Q

The ECM has sugars bonded to the proteins..where did this happen?

157
Q

What are the three types of cell connections?

A
  1. tight junction
  2. anchoring junction
  3. communicating junctions
158
Q

a tight junction…

A

connects the plasma membranes of adjacent cells in a sheet

no leakage

159
Q

anchoring junctions mechanically

A

attaches cytoskeletons of neighboring cells (desmosomes)

160
Q

anchoring junctions leave more room for….

A

hydration and elasticity

161
Q

communicating junctions have…

A

chemical or electrical signals passing directly from one cell to an adjacent one

(gap junction, plasmodesmata)

Biology 1406-03 (10 decks)

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