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Biology 1406-03 > Chapter 6: Cellular Respiration > Flashcards

Chapter 6: Cellular Respiration Flashcards

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1
Q

catabolic reactions

A

break down complex molecules to release energy

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2
Q

exergonic is…

A

release of energy

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3
Q

electron transfer plays a major role in

A

the catabolic reactions during cellular respiration

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4
Q

aerobic respiration consumes

A

organic molecules and O2 producing ATP

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5
Q

anaerobic respiration consumes

A

compounds other than O2 producing small amounts of ATP

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6
Q

fermentation is

A

a partial degradation of sugars that occurs without O2

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7
Q

what are the 3 catabolic pathways that produce ATP?

A
  1. aerobic respiration
  2. anaerobic respiration
  3. fermentation
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8
Q

cellular respiration refers to

A

aerobic respiration

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9
Q

what is consumed as fuel?

A

carbohydrates, fats, and proteins

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10
Q

cellular respiration is traced with

A

the sugar glucose

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11
Q

cellular respiration formula is

A

C6H12O6 -> 6CO2 +6H2O + Energy (ATP & heat)

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12
Q

food must be made of the same molecules that cells are made of these molecules include…

A

carbs, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

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13
Q

food is _____ and electrons are grabbed by ____.

A

oxidized

NADH

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14
Q

cellular respiration is series of

A

redox reactions

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15
Q

transfer of electrons during chemical reactions releases

A

stored energy from organic compounds

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16
Q

released energy is used to

A

synthesize ATP

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17
Q

during cellular respiration glucose becomes

A

oxidized

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18
Q

during cellular respiration O2 becomes

A

reduced

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19
Q

NAD is a

A

coenzyme that functions as an oxidizing agent during cellular respiration

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20
Q

NADH passes electrons to the

A

electron transport chain

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21
Q

the electron transport chain passes electrons in a series of steps to regenerate

A

ATP

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22
Q

what are the stages of cellular respiration?

A
  1. glycolysis
  2. pyruvate oxidation
  3. citric acid cycle
  4. oxidative phosphorylation
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23
Q

substrate level phosphorylation…

A
  • produces a small amount of ATP

- not very efficient

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24
Q

oxidative phosphorylation is…

A

very efficient

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25
Q

glycolysis occurs in the

A

cytosol of the cell

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26
Q

pyruvate oxidation, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation all occur in which part of the cell?

A

in the mitochondria

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27
Q

oxidative phosphorylation generates…

A

90% of cells ATP

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28
Q

oxidative phosphorylation is powered by

A

redox reactions

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29
Q

oxidative phosphorylation yields up to

A

32 ATP

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30
Q

glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm in two stages, what are they?

A
  1. energy investment phase

2. energy payoff phase

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31
Q

during glycolysis _____ is being oxidized to harvest _______ energy.

A

glucose

chemical

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32
Q

glycolysis breaks down glycose into…

A

2 molecules of pyruvate

33
Q

about how many reactions occur during glycolysis?

A

8-10

34
Q

glycolysis’ input is

A
  • glucose
  • 2 ATP
  • O2
35
Q

glycolysis’ output is

A
  • 4 ATP
  • 2 NADH
  • 2 Pyruvate (3 carbon molecules)
36
Q

glycolysis is = to __________ _________. This is not very efficient b/c what molecule still contains ALOT of energy?

A

substrate-level

phosphorylation

pyruvate

37
Q

oxidation of glucose is complete when…

A

pyruvate enters the mitochondria in the presence of O2

38
Q

pyruvate oxidizes to

A

acetyl CoA

39
Q

acetyl CoA links glycolysis to the

A

citric acid cycle

40
Q

the citric acid cycle completes the break down of pyruvate to

A

CO2

41
Q

the input for the citric acid cycle is

A

2 acetyl CoA

2 oxaloacetate

42
Q

the outputs of the citric acid cycle are

A

2 ATP
8 NADH
2 FADH2
6 CO2

43
Q

the citric cycle is a

A

catabolic cycle

44
Q

the citric acid cycle happens in how many step?

A

8

45
Q

the starting molecule of the citric acid cycle is

A

oxaloacetate

46
Q

acetyl CoA and oxaloacetate forms

A

citrate

47
Q

during steps 2-8 citrate continues to be decomposed back to _______

A

oxaloacetate

48
Q

does the citric acid cycle used ATP?

A

no

49
Q

the reactions of the citric acid cycle are carried out by

A

enzymes

50
Q

one molecule of glucose causes

A

2 turns in the acetic acid cycle

51
Q

the loss of CO2 causes

A

a charge of the battery

52
Q

what couples electron transport to ATP synthesis?

A

chemiosmosis

53
Q

what collects the most energy extracted from food?

A

NADH and FADH2

54
Q

the electron transport chain powers ATP synthesis via

A

oxidative phosphorylation

55
Q

electron carriers donate electrons to

A

the electron transport chain

56
Q

the electron transport chain is in the

A

inner membrane of the mitochondria (cristae)

57
Q

the electron transport consists of

A

multi-protein complexes

58
Q

multi-protein complex shuttle electrons and pump H+ across the membrane leading to

A

proton motive force

59
Q

as electrons pass through the electron transport chain they experience a

A

drop in energy

60
Q

O2 is reduced to what during the electron transport chain

A

water vapor

61
Q

the electron transport chain does NOT generate

A

ATP

62
Q

the electron transport chain breaks large free-energy into

A

smaller units that release energy for manageably

63
Q

chemiosmosis is a

A

energy-coupling mechanism

64
Q

The electron transport chain powers proteins to pump H+ from the _______ _____ to the _________ space.

A

mitochondrial

matrix

intermembrane

65
Q

H+ in the intermembrane space diffuses across the membrane powering

A

ATP synthase

a protein complex

66
Q

ATP synthase uses Proton Motive Force to drive

A

phosphorylation of ATP

67
Q

chemiosmosis is the use of

A

energy in a H+ gradient to drive cellular work

68
Q

formation of ATP happens in the

A

F1 unit

69
Q

one full turn of the ATP synthase produces ____ ATP

A

3

70
Q

describe the flow of energy during cellular respiration

A

glucose ->NADH -> electron transport chain -> proton motive force -> (chemiosmosis) ATP (oxidative phosphorltation)

71
Q

fermentation and anaerobic respiration

A

enables cells to produce ATP without oxygen

72
Q

what are the two types of fermentation?

A
  • alcohol fermentation

- lactic acid fermentation

73
Q

fermentation uses __________ ___________ instead of an electron transport to generate ATP

A

substrate-level phosphorylation

74
Q

during alcohol fermentation pyruvate is converted to

A

ethanol

75
Q

what is released during alcohol fermentation?

A

CO2

76
Q

during lactic acid fermentation pyruvate is reduces by NADH forming

A

lactate

77
Q

does lactic acid fermentation release CO2?

A

no

78
Q

the citric acid cycle completes the

A

energy-yielding oxidation of organic molecules

Biology 1406-03 (10 decks)

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