Chapter 10.2: From gene to protein

Question 1

transcription is the synthesis of

Answer 1

mRNA to DNA

Question 2

with transcription a template…

Answer 2

strand of DNA is used

Question 3

during transcription thymine in DNA is replaced with

Answer 3

uracil in RNA

Question 4

mRNA directs the synthesis of

Answer 4

polypeptides

Question 5

translation is the synthesis of

Answer 5

polypeptides

Question 6

translation is carried out by

Answer 6

ribosomes

Question 7

translation requires several types of

Answer 7

RNA

Question 8

RNA is NOT a

Answer 8

protein

Question 9

what are the purpose of ribosomes?

Answer 9

to translate RNA information

Question 10

mRNA is…

Answer 10

instructions written by DNA to make a specific protein

Question 11

rRNA is a structural RNA that

Answer 11

forms the functional subunits of ribosomes

Question 12

tRNA are structural RNAs that…

Answer 12

recognize and carry amino acids to the growing peptide chain

Question 13

who determined that the order of nucleotides in DNA encode for the amino acid order?

Answer 13

Francis Crick and Sydney Brenner

Question 14

what is a codon?

Answer 14

a block of 3 DNA nucleotides corresponding to an amino acid

Question 15

the genetic code….

Answer 15

specifies which amino acids will be used to build a protein

Question 16

what is the start codon?

Answer 16

AUG

Question 17

what is the purpose of stop codons?

Answer 17

to stop translation and release polypeptides

Question 18

what are the 3 stop codons.

Answer 18

1. UAA
2. UAG
3. UGA

Question 19

initiation for transcription requires

Answer 19

multiple proteins

Question 20

termination of transcription occurs at

Answer 20

specific DNA sequences

Question 21

transcription factors + RNA polymerase leads to _______ and initiates ____ ______

Answer 21

• promoter

- initiates gene expression

Question 22

what are the 3 mRNA modifications?

Answer 22

1. addition of 5’ cap
2. addition of 3’ cap
3. removal of introns

Question 23

what are introns?

Answer 23

non-coding sequences

Question 24

what are exons?

Answer 24

sequences that will be translated

-critical info is stored

Question 25

tRNAs carry

Answer 25

amino acids to the ribosome for addition to a growing polypeptide

Question 26

ribosomes are made of a

Answer 26

small and large subunit

Question 27

ribosomes bring together

Answer 27

specific tRNA anitcodons with mRNA codons

Question 28

the subunits in ribosomes are made of

Answer 28

proteins and ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

Question 29

what are the two functions of the ribosomes?

Answer 29

1. decode the mRNA

2. form peptide bonds between amino acids

Question 30

what are the three binding sites for tRNA in a ribosome?

Answer 30

1. Anticodon site
2. Polymerize site
3. Exit site

Question 31

what are the 3 stages of translation?

Answer 31

1. initiation
2. elongation
3. termination

Question 32

amino acids are added to the

Answer 32

c-terminus

Question 33

ribosomes proceed along the mRNA in a

Answer 33

5’ -> 3’ direction

Question 34

the release factor is a…

Answer 34

protein

Question 35

how does the release factor introduce hydrolysis?

Answer 35

by adding a water molecule instead of an amino acid

Question 36

hydrolysis of the polypeptide allows for

Answer 36

release of the polypeptide

Question 37

what are point mutations?

Answer 37

substitution of a single nucleotide base

Question 38

what is a silent mutation?

Answer 38

the same amino acid is inserted

Question 39

during a missense mutation…

Answer 39

a change in the amino acid inserted

Question 40

during a nonsense mutation…

Answer 40

the amino acid is changed to a stop codon

Question 41

during a frameshift mutation…

Answer 41

an addition or deletion of a single base occurs

Question 42

what disease is caused by frameshift mutations?

Answer 42

Huntington disease