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Biology 1406-03 > Chapter 5: The Working Cell > Flashcards

Chapter 5: The Working Cell Flashcards

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1
Q

amino acid R groups are

A

hydrophobic

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2
Q

membrane structure is made of what three structures?

A
  1. phospholipids arranged in a bilayer
  2. proteins inserted in the lipid bilayer
  3. a fluid mosaic model
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3
Q

what is the mosaic model?

A

a mosaic of proteins floating in or on the fluid lipid bilayer like boats on a pond

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4
Q

lipids DO NOT form

A

polymers

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5
Q

phospholipids are?

A

the most abundant lipid in the plasma membrane

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6
Q

the phospholipid bilayer contains both ——- regions.

A
  • hydrophilic (phospho)

- hydrophobic (lipid)

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7
Q

membranes are fluid mosaics of

A

lipids and proteins

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8
Q

membranes form

A

spontaneously

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9
Q

membranes..

A
  • have fatty acids on the inside

- have phosphate groups on both surfaces

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10
Q

membranes are NOT

A

solid structures

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11
Q

lipids have the ability to…

A

move to the cell surface

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12
Q

What are the 6 different types of membrane proteins?

A
  1. transporters
  2. enzymes
  3. cell-surface receptors
  4. cell-surface identity markers
  5. cell adhesion proteins
  6. attachments to the cytoskeleton
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13
Q

enzymes perform…

A

reactions

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14
Q

cell-surface receptors receive signal from outside activating and signaling what?

A

activating- protein inside cell

signaling- to nucleus

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15
Q

aquaporins are needed to..

A

maintain hydration

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16
Q

aquaporins are a mode of transportation of

A

H2O into cell

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17
Q

aquaporins are composed of..

A

cylinder of beta sheets form a structure called beta-barrel

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18
Q

How do aquaporins stay in-between the phospholipid bilayer?

A

nonpolar amino acid R-groups interact with the membrane

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19
Q

How does H2O pass through the aquaporin?

A

the polar interior allows water and small polar molecules through

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20
Q

What is membrane permeability?

A

the ability to pass a membrane

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21
Q

the process of a cell exchanging materials with its surroundings is controlled by the..

A

plasma membrane

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22
Q

plasma membranes regulate the cell’s molecular traffic b/c they are…

A

selectively permeable

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23
Q

3 characteristics of a hydrophobic lipid barrier

A
  1. nonpolar molecules pass through until concentrations are equal on both sides
  2. small polar molecules are extremely limited
  3. larger polar molecules and ions have the lowest permeability
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24
Q

types of passive transport include…

A
  1. diffusion
  2. osmosis
  3. facilitated diffusion
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25
Q

the word “passive” in passive transport means…

A

without energy

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26
Q

diffusion is…

A

the passive movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to low concentration

-spread out evenly into available space

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27
Q

diffusion is done to…

A

reach equilibrium

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28
Q

diffusion does not have a ____ present.

A

barrier

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29
Q

in diffusion individual molecules…

A

move randomly

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30
Q

once diffusion reaches equilibrium molecules are…

A

crossing the membrane at the same rate in both directions

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31
Q

in diffusion the concentrations will NEVER…

A

return to original concentrations

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32
Q

a solute is…

A

dissolved molecules or ions

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33
Q

a solvent is…

A

water or other diluent

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34
Q

solutes are usually…

A

solid molecules

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35
Q

a concentration gradient is..

A

areas of different solute concentration

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36
Q

osmosis is the…

A

net diffusion of water across a semipermeable membrane toward a higher solute concentration

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37
Q

What part of the cell is an aqueous solution? What is the solvent? What are the solutes?

A

the plasma membrane

solvent- H2O

solutes- dissolved substances

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38
Q

It is possible that H2O will —– during osmosis.

A

defy gravity due to the attraction of polar molecules

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39
Q

What is a hypertonic solution?

A

a solution that has a higher solute concentration

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40
Q

What is a hypotonic solution?

A

a solution that has a lower solute concentration

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41
Q

osmotic concentration is determined when..

A

2 solutions have different concentrations of dissolved solutes or particles

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42
Q

hypertonic solution has…

A
  • high [solute] outside cell

- low [H2O] outside cell

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43
Q

in a hypertonic solution the net movement of water will be

A

out of the cell…the cell shrinks

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44
Q

hypotonic solutions has…

A
  • low [solute] outside

- high [H2O] outside

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45
Q

in a hypotonic solution the net movement of water will be

A

into cell…the cell swells

-if no cell wall is present the cell could burst

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46
Q

what is an isotonic solution?

A

when the two solutions have the same osmotic concentration

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47
Q

isotonic solution has…

A
  • equal [solute] outside and inside

- equal [H2O] outside and inside

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48
Q

in a isotonic solution the net movement of water will be

A

no where.. there will be no change

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49
Q

osmotic pressure is the ability of…

A

solutes to influence the movement of water

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50
Q

osmotic pressure is the force needed to stop…

A

osmotic flow

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51
Q

what is an example of a osmotic pressure?

A

a cell in a hypotonic solution gains water causing it to swell and build up pressure

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52
Q

osmotic pressure drives water…

A

into cell

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53
Q

hydrostatic pressure drives water…

A

out of cell

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54
Q

animal cells are vulnerable to extreme changes in concentration therefore they must be in…

A

isotonic environments

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55
Q

passive transport (passive diffusion) is the movement of molecules through a membrane where…

A
  • no energy is required

- molecules move from higher to lower concentration

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56
Q

passive movement always moves….

A

down the concentration gradient

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57
Q

passive transport is mechanism for….

A

obtaining O2 and releasing CO2

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58
Q

facilitated diffusion does NOT require ____ but requires ____.

A
  • energy

- help

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59
Q

what are two examples of facilitated diffusion?

A
  1. channel proteins

2. carrier proteins

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60
Q

What to ions use to diffuse?

A

channel proteins

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61
Q

What do proteins use to diffuse?

A

carrier proteins

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62
Q

channel proteins are also known as…

A

ion channels

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63
Q

ion channels are ____ and open and close __ _____ __ ______

A

gated

in response to stimulus (chemical or electrical)

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64
Q

what three conditions determine the direction of diffusion in ion channels?

A
  1. concentration on either side of membrane
  2. voltage differences across membrane
  3. if channel is opened or closed
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65
Q

carrier proteins DO NOT

A

open like channels

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66
Q

carrier proteins have..

A

a pocket or binding spot

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67
Q

carrier proteins help transport…

A

ions and some sugars and amino acids

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68
Q

carrier proteins require a…

A

concentration difference across the membrane

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69
Q

carrier proteins MUST..

A

bind to the molecule before they transport

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70
Q

Active Transport requires…

A

ENERGY

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71
Q

What is used to fuel active transport?

A

ATP which is directly or indirectly used

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72
Q

active transport moves substances from…

A

low to high concentrations

against the concentration gradient

73
Q

Active transport requires the use of…

A

highly selective carrier proteins

74
Q

active transport is NOT..

A

diffusion

75
Q

The Na+–K+ pump is used to…

A

maintain isotonic solution

76
Q

the Na+–K+ pump is a good example of a ____ use of ATP

A

direct

77
Q

the Na+–K+ pump moves ____ Na+ ____ and ____ K+ _____ the cell.

A

3-out

2-into

78
Q

in the Na+–K+ pump ATP is used to?

A

change the shape of the carrier protein

79
Q

Explain what happens with the carrier protein in a Na+–K+ pump.

A

the carrier protein binds Na+ or K+ as its shape changes so the ions can be carries across the memebrane

80
Q

the Na+–K+ pump is a classic example of?

A

shape determines function

81
Q

isotonic DOES NOT mean?

A

everything is in solution

82
Q

bulk transport requires…

A

ENERGY

83
Q

large molecules (polysaccharides and proteins) cross the membrane in ____ via _____.

A

bulk

vesicles

84
Q

small molecules and water can cross the lipid bilayer…

A

directly or via transport proteins

85
Q

what is endocytosis?

A

movement of large molecules and other substances into the cell

86
Q

what is receptor-mediated endocytosis?

A

specific molecules (like cholesterol) are taken in after they bind to a receptor

87
Q

exocytosis requires…

A

ENERGY

88
Q

exocytosis is the movement..

A

of materials out of the cell

89
Q

exocytosis is used in plants to

A

export cell wall material

90
Q

exocytosis is used in animals to secrete…

A

hormones, neurotransmitters, and digestive enzymes

91
Q

what is the cycle of energy of life?

A

energy enters the biological world from the sun –> photosynthetic organisms captures this energy and stores it in chemical bonds –> cells extract stored energy and use it to do work

92
Q

EVERYTHING gets energy from..

A

the sun

93
Q

Where does the energy cycle start?

A

organisms that carry out photosynthesis

94
Q

the capacity to do work of to change derives from?

A

chemical transformations in cells

95
Q

What are the two types of energy?

A

kinetic and potential

96
Q

what is kinetic energy?

A

energy in motion

97
Q

what is potential energy?

A

energy that matter possesses b/c of its location or structure (stored energy)

98
Q

kinetic energy can be ____ b/c it ______ _____ and ____

A

seen

produces light, heat

99
Q

Thermal energy is?

A

kinetic energy associated with random movement of atoms or molecules

100
Q

chemical energy is?

A

potential energy stored in chemical bonds

101
Q

chemical energy is available for?

A

release in a chemical reaction

102
Q

the heat produced in thermal reactions is a result of:

A
  • rapid movement of atoms

- rapid chemical reactions

103
Q

energy =

A

electricity found in the electrons of chemical bonds

104
Q

LIVING ORGANISMS ARE…

A

OPEN SYSTEMS

105
Q

the laws of thermodynamics is the study of…

A

energy transformations

106
Q

what is an open system?

A

energy and matter can be transferred between the system and its surroundings

107
Q

energy transformations is the movement of

A

electrons

108
Q

energy is required to…

A

maintain order

109
Q

What is the first law of thermodynamics?

A

“the energy of the universe is constant - it is neither created nor destroyed”

110
Q

When energy is converted from one form to another…

A

the total energy before and after the conversion is the same

111
Q

What is the second law of thermodynamics?

A

“during every energy transformation, some energy is unusable”

112
Q

“unusable energy” is often lost as

A

heat

113
Q

energy transformations increase the…

A

entropy (disorder) of the universe

114
Q

what is an example of an energy transformation that can no longer be used as a source of energy?

A

body heat

115
Q

during biological order and disorder cells can?

A
  • create ordered structures from less ordered materials
  • transform ordered form of matter and energy into less ordered forms
    (ex: of metabolism)
116
Q

two characteristics of metabolism are?

A
  1. sum of all chemical reactions

2. transforms matter into energy

117
Q

anabolic reactions are AKA..

A

endergonic

118
Q

catabolic reactions are AKA

A

exergonic

119
Q

during anabolic reactions?

A

complex molecules are made from simple molecules

120
Q

how does energy play a role during anabolic reaction?

A

energy is required

121
Q

during catabolic reactions?

A

complex molecules are broken down to simpler ones

122
Q

What role does energy play during catabolic reactions?

A

energy is released

123
Q

______ fuels ______ reactions

A

catabolic

anabolic

124
Q

EXergonic =

A

energy existing

125
Q

What do cells use for energy to drive the reactions of cellular work?

A

ATP

126
Q

what does ATP stand for?

A

Adenosine TriPhosphate

127
Q

ATP is a

A

nucleotide

128
Q

ATP is the chief

A

“currency” all cells use

129
Q

ATP is composed of?

A
  • ribose -5 carbon sugar
  • adenine (a nitrogenous base)
  • chain of 3 phosphates
130
Q

the chain of 3 phosphates are key to

A
  • energy storage

- bonds are unstable (easy to use for energy)

131
Q

the 3 phosphates are…

A

“super” charged electrostatic molecules that are very electronegative

132
Q

How does ATP power cellular work?

A

by coupling exergonic reactions to endergonic reactions

133
Q

What are the three types of cellular work?

A
  1. chemical
  2. transport
  3. mechanical
134
Q

cells manage energy by

A

energy coupling, fueled by ATP

135
Q

ATP hydrolysis powers

A

endergonic reactions

136
Q

coupled reaction results in a

A

net energy gain (exergonic )

137
Q

ATP is not for

A

long term energy storage

138
Q

how much ATP do cells store?

A

only a few seconds worth

139
Q

What are better ATP storage molecules?

A

fat, and carbohydrates

140
Q

human are in a constant stage of…

A

metabolism

141
Q

energy is required to started a

A

chemical reaction

142
Q

What does the rate of reaction depend on?

A

the activation energy required

143
Q

larger activation energy..

A

proceeds more slowly

144
Q

What are the two ways rate can be increased?

A
  • increase energy (temp.) of reactants

- lower activation energy

145
Q

activation energy prevents..

A

spontaneous metabolic reactions

146
Q

What are the two enzymes that speed up metabolic reactions?

A
  • catalyst

- enzymes

147
Q

how do these enzymes speed up the metabolic reactions?

A

by lowering energy barriers

148
Q

What is a catalyst?

A

a chemical agent that speeds up a reaction without being consumed

149
Q

What is an enzyme?

A

catabolic proteins

150
Q

sucrase is an enzyme that…

A

catalyzes the hydrolysis of sucrose

151
Q

catalyst “jump start”

A

organic reactions

152
Q

NOT all proteins are

A

enzymes

153
Q

“ase” =

A

enzyme

154
Q

catalysts influence chemical bonds by…

A

lowering the activation energy

155
Q

enzymes are not a part of

A

chemical reactions

156
Q

catalysts CAN NOT make…

A

an endergonic reaction spontaneous

157
Q

catalysts do NOT alter…

A

the amount of product made

158
Q

most enzymes are

A

proteins

159
Q

the shape of an enzyme….

A

brings substrates (reactants) together initiating their reaction

160
Q

the shape of the enzyme is critical to its…

A

function

161
Q

Note the difference between the molecules formed in a carbonic anhydrase with and without an enzyme.

A

without enzyme- 200 molecules/hour

with enzyme- 600,000 molecules/second

162
Q

enzymes are…

A

highly specific

163
Q

enzymes apply stress to..

A

particular bonds to lower acitivation energy

164
Q

reactants=

A

substrates to product

165
Q

sugar a form of..

A

good, fast, short energy

166
Q

the rate of enzyme-catalyzed reaction depends on

A

concentrations of substrate and enzyme

167
Q

any condition affecting an enzymes 3-d shape will also affect

A

the rate

168
Q

two conditions that will affect the rate of an enzyme is

A

optimum temperature

optimum pH

169
Q

an inhibitor is?

A

a substance that binds to enzyme and decreases its activity

170
Q

a competitive inhibitor..

A

competes with substrate for active site

171
Q

a noncompetitive inhibitor..

A
  • binds to enzyme at a site other than the active site

- causes shape change that makes enzyme unable to bind substrate

172
Q

many chemical compounds are

A

enzyme inhibitors

173
Q

competitive and noncompetitive inhibitors are AKA

A

active or inactive enzymes

174
Q

two characteristics of biochemical pathways are…

A
  • reactions occur in a sequence

- product of one reaction is substrate for the next

175
Q

two characteristics of feedback inhibition are…

A
  • end-product binds to inhibitory site on the first enzyme

- shuts down pathway to conserve energy

176
Q

feedback inhibition is AKA

A

negative feedback

177
Q

most metabolic products are carried out by

A

multiple enzymes

178
Q

glucose goes through about

A

8 metabolic processes

179
Q

the three types of bulk transport are?

A

phagocytosis, endocytosis, exocytosis

Biology 1406-03 (10 decks)

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