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Biology 1406-03 > Chapter 10.1 DNA > Flashcards

Chapter 10.1 DNA Flashcards

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1
Q

who investigated bacteriophages?

A

Hershey & Chase

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2
Q

bacteriophages are

A

viruses that infect bacteria

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3
Q

bacteriophages are composed of

A

only DNA and protein

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4
Q

in the experiment virus DNA were labeled with

A

radioactive phosphorus

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5
Q

in the experiment virus protein was labeled with

A

radioactive sulfur

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6
Q

viruses do not have a plasma membrane, instead a _____ is present

A

capsid

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7
Q

what was the conclusion of the experiment carried out by Hershey and Chase?

A

DNA is the genetic material

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8
Q

DNA is a

A

nucleic acid composed of nucleotides

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9
Q

what are the four characteristics of DNA structure?

A
  1. 5-carbon sugar
  2. phosphate group
  3. nitrogenous bases
  4. hydroxyl group
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10
Q

the five carbon sugar in DNA is called?

A

deoxyribose

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11
Q

in DNA where is the phosphate group located on the sugar?

A

at the 5’ carbon

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12
Q

in DNA where is the hydroxyl group located in the sugar?

A

at the 3’ carbon

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13
Q

what are the 4 nitrogenous bases of DNA

A
  1. adenine
  2. thymine
  3. cytosine
  4. guanine
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14
Q

what is a phosphodiester bond?

A

a bond between adjacent nucleotides

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15
Q

a phosphodiester bond is formed between the

A

phosphate group of one nucleotide and the 3’ (-OH) of the next nucleotide

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16
Q

the chain of nucleotides has what type of orientation

A

5’-3’ orientation

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17
Q

Erwin Chargaff determined that

A

there are always equal proportions of purines and pyrimidines

18
Q

Rosalind Franklin is known for

A

studies where she identified the 3-D structure of DNA

19
Q

James Watson and Francis Crick proposed

A

a double helix structure to DNA

20
Q

the bonds holding the phosphate and sugar groups are

A

covalent bonds

21
Q

the bonds holding the nitrogenous bases are

A

hydrogen bonds

22
Q

what 3 things are needed for DNA replication?

A
  1. something to copy
  2. something to do the copying
  3. building blocks to make the copy
23
Q

what is known as the “something to copy”?

A

parental DNA molecule

24
Q

what is known as the “something to do the copying”?

A

enzymes

25
Q

what is known as the “building blocks to make the copy”?

A

nucleotide bases

26
Q

the DNA polymerase reads in what direction?

A

3’ -> 5’

27
Q

DNA is synthesized in what direction?

A

5’ -> 3’

28
Q

DNA replication includes what 3 things?

A
  1. initiation
  2. elongation
  3. termination
29
Q

the primer required to start DNA replication is synthesized by what?

A

primase

30
Q

what is the primer needed to start DNA replication?

A

a short single strand of RNA

31
Q

DNA helicase…

A

uses energy from ATP hydrolysis to unwind the DNA

32
Q

what keeps the DNA strands from coming back together after they have been unzipped?

A

single-stranded binding proteins

33
Q

which stand is pointed in the “right” direction?

A

the leading strand

34
Q

which strand is pointed in the “wrong” direction?

A

the lagging strand

35
Q

what are Okazaki fragments?

A

discontinuous strands of replicated DNA

36
Q

what replaces the primers after DNA replication?

A

DNA polymerase

37
Q

DNA ligase forms the…

A

final phosphodiester linkage between fragments

38
Q

DNA repair mechanisms include…

A
  1. proofreading
  2. mismatch repair
  3. excision repair
39
Q

explain the proofreading mechanism of DNA repair

A

DNA polymerase adds a nucleotide to a growing strand

40
Q

explain the mismatch repair mechanism of DNA repair

A

replaces a whole section of DNA even if just one base has been mismatched

41
Q

explain the excision repair mechanism of DNA repair

A

enzymes scan for mispaired bases, chemically modifies bases, or extra bases

Biology 1406-03 (10 decks)

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