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Intro kinesiology > Chapter 8 - Sport Injuries > Flashcards

Chapter 8 - Sport Injuries Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 4 types of tissue?

A

epithelial, muscle, connective and nervous

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2
Q

under a load, tissue experiences ________

A

under a load tissue experiences deformation

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3
Q

how can deformation be visualized?

A

deformation can be visualized through the load deformation curve

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4
Q

elastic region

A

point where tissue stretches like an elastic band (stretch it, and it goes back with no change)

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5
Q

what is the tissues response to training loads if the training load is less than or equal to the elastic limit?

A
  • micro-failure –> making of new tissue

- positive training effect

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6
Q

what is the tissues response to training loads if the training load is higher than the elastic limit?

A
  • permanent failure

- injury (scar tissue)

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7
Q

what are the 5 forces acting on tissue?

A

tension, compression, bending, shearing, and torsion

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8
Q

shearing

A

creates a shearing force between the opposing force against the structure

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9
Q

give an example of shearing

A

blister = caused by the foot rubbing/shearing against the shoe

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10
Q

tension

A

tensile force/load

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11
Q

give an example of tension

A

when you bend the knee, the tensile force/load is on the hamstring

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12
Q

does tension occur on the concentric or eccentric load?

A

mostly on the eccentric load

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13
Q

bending

A

2 part force: compression and tension occur

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14
Q

when is a time we often compress the bones of the legs and feet

A

when walking

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15
Q

torsion

A

screw/unscrew. twisting

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16
Q

what is the name of a fracture from torsion

A

spiral fracture

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17
Q

treatment

A
  • received by patient from a health care professional
  • promotes healing
  • improves quality of injured tissue
  • allows quicker return to activity
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18
Q

rehabilitation

A
  • therapists restoration of injured tissue and patients participation
  • individualized for each athlete
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19
Q

what are the 3 healing phases in order?

A

1) Inflammatory Response Phase
2) Fibroblastic Repair Phase
3) Maturation-Remodelling Phase

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20
Q

how long does the inflammatory response phase take?

A

2-4 days

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21
Q

how long does fibroblastic repair phase take?

A

hours-6 weeks

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22
Q

how long does the maturation-remodelling phase take?

A

3 weeks-years

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23
Q

when does inflammation begin?

A

same time as injury

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24
Q

what are 5 signs of inflammation?

A
  • redness
  • swelling
  • pain
  • increased temperatures
  • loss of function
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25
Q

What 5 things do you have to do for inflammation?

A
  • protect
  • rest
  • cryotherapy
  • compression
  • elevation
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26
Q

cryotherapy

A
  • decreases swelling, bleeding, pain and spasms.

- cold/ice

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27
Q

true or false: cold gets rid of swelling

A

FALSE: cold does NOT get rid of swelling, it just helps to reduce/manage pain

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28
Q

does compression make swelling go away?

A

compression decreases swelling but does not make it go away

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29
Q

what does elevation do for inflammation?

A

it reduces the amount of accumulation on the other end to decrease swelling

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30
Q

4 things that happen during the Fibroblastic Repair Phase are?

A

1) repair ad scar formation
2) granulation tissue fills the gap
3) collagen fibres are deposited by fibroblasts
4) signs seen in the phase1 subside

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31
Q

what 3 things can you do during the fibroblastic repair phase to help with healing?

A

1) rehab-specific exercises
2) manual massage therapy and ultrasound
3) protective taping and bracing

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32
Q

what do rehab-specific exercise do?

A

restore range of motion and strength

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33
Q

what does manual massage therapy and ultrasound do?

A

help break down scar

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34
Q

maturation-remodelling phase

A

remodelling or realigning of the scar tissue

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35
Q

what can you do to help repair during the maturation-remodelling phase?

A

more aggressive stretching and strengthening to organize the scar tissue along the lines of tensile stress

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36
Q

natures warning system

A

pain

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37
Q

contusions

A

medical term for bruising

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38
Q

where does a bruise come from

A

compressing force crushing tissue

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39
Q

what does a bruise look like

A

discolouration and swelling

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40
Q

myositis ossificans

A

abnormal bone formation in a severe contusion

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41
Q

when is a contusion life threatening?

A

if the tissue involved is a vital organ

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42
Q

what is the term for a contusion of the brain?

A

concussion

43
Q

PRICE

A

method of healing contusions

Pressure, Rest, Ice, Compression, Elevation

44
Q

how long is price needed for?

A

24-48 hours

45
Q

strain

A

tendon or muscle tissue is stretched or torn

46
Q

sprain

A

ligament or the joint capsule is stretched or torn

47
Q

what are the 3 grades of sprains and strains?

A

Grade 1
Grade 2
Grade 3

48
Q

Grade 1 Strain/Sprain

A

slightly stretched or torn; few muscle fibres

49
Q

Grade 2 Strain/Sprain

A

moderately stretched or torn, more muscle fibres

50
Q

Grade 3 Strain/Sprain

A
  • complete rupture
  • surgery required
  • E.g., ACL tear
51
Q

what are 5 common places for strains?

A

Quadriceps, Adductors, Hip Flexors, Hamstrings, Rotator cuffs

52
Q

what is the most frequent strain?

A

Hamstring

53
Q

what is the mechanism of a hamstring strain?

A
  • rapid contraction in a lengthened position

- E.g., sprinting and running

54
Q

Hamstring strains are due to what?

A

strength imbalance

Hamstring strength <Quadriceps strength

55
Q

what is the most common ankle sprain?

A

lateral ankle sprain (inversion)

56
Q

list 3 symptoms of ankle sprains

A

1) rapid swelling
2) point tenderness
3) loss of function

57
Q

rehabilitation for ankle sprains

A
  • decreases reoccurrence

- incorporation of balance exercises

58
Q

dislocation

A

great enough force pushes the joint beyond its normal anatomical limits

59
Q

subluxation (partial dislocation)

A
  • when supporting structures (e.g., ligaments) are stretched or torn enough
  • bony surfaces partially separate
60
Q

where is the most common dislocation?

A

fingers

61
Q

true or false: dislocations can become chronic

A

true

62
Q

what are the 2 categories of shoulder dislocation?

A
  • partial (sublaxation)

- complete

63
Q

what are 3 symptoms of dislocation of shoulder?

A

1) swelling, numbness, pain, weakness, bruising
2) capsule and/or rotator cuff tears
3) brachial plexus injury

64
Q

what is required to relocated head of humerus back to glenoid fossa?

A

require medical treatment to relocate the head of the humerus back to the glenoid fossa

65
Q

what are the 4 types of fractures?

A

1) Simple fracture
2) compound fracture
3) Stress fracture
4) avulsion fracture

66
Q

simple fracture

A

stays within the surrounding soft tissue

67
Q

compound fracture

A

protrudes from the skin

68
Q

which type of fracture has a high potential for infection?

A

compound fracture

69
Q

stress fracture

A

results from repeated low magnitude loads

70
Q

avulsion fracture

A

involves tendon or ligament pulling small chip of bone

71
Q

what type of fracture is common on bad ligament sprains

A

avulsion fracture

72
Q

concussion

A

injury to the head

73
Q

mechanism of concussion

A
  • violent shaking or jarring action of the head

- brain bounces against the inside of the skull

74
Q

list 2 symptoms of concussions

A
  • confusion

- temporary loss of normal brain function

75
Q

true or false: there is something called a minor concussion and you can just shake off concussions

A

FALSE: there is no such thing as “minor concussion” and “shaking off”

76
Q

Overuse injuries are do to what?

A
  • repeated and accumulated microtrauma

- non-sufficient recovery

77
Q

overuse injuries result from?

A
  • poor technique
  • poor equipment
  • too much training
  • type of training
78
Q

tendonitis

A

inflammation of tendon as a result of a small tear in the tendon

79
Q

list 3 symptoms of tendonitis

A
  • pain (aggravated by movement)
  • tenderness
  • stiffness near joint
80
Q

Tennis Elbow

A

-lateral epicondylitis

81
Q

tennis elbow affects what?

A

forearm extensors

82
Q

what are the contributing factors to tennis elbow?

A
  • excessive forearm pronation and wrist flexion
  • gripping racquet too tightly
  • improper size grip
  • excessive string tension
  • excessive racquet weight
  • topspins
  • hitting ball off centre
83
Q

golfer’s and little league elbow

A

medial epicongylitis

84
Q

golfer’s and little league elbow affects what?

A

tendons of forearm flexors

85
Q

what could golfer’s and little league elbow result in?

A

may result in collateral ligament and ulnar nerve injury and may affect medial humeral growth plate in young children (little league elbow)

86
Q

Jumpers knee

A

patellar tendonitis

87
Q

what does jumpers knee affect?

A

affects infrapatellar ligament

88
Q

what is jumpers knee caused by?

A
  • repetitive eccentric knee actions
  • eccentric load during jump preparation»body weight
  • happens from the landing (huge eccentric load on quadriceps)
89
Q

bursitis

A

inflammation of the bursae

90
Q

bursae

A

tiny fluid-filled sacs that lubricate and cushion pressure points between bone and tendons

91
Q

bursitis results from what?

A

results from overuse and stress - age is also a factor

92
Q

where is bursitis most common?

A

shoulder elbow and hip

93
Q

what aggravates the inflammation of bursitis?

A

inflammation and pain aggravated by movement and direct pressure

94
Q

shoulder impingement

A
  • excess movement of the humeral head + lack of space

- inflammation of bursae or rotator cuff tendon

95
Q

what is the result of muscle imbalances in shoulder muscles?

A
  • weak shoulder depressors

- strong shoulder elevators

96
Q

stress fractures

A

results from repeated low-magnitude forces

1) small disruption of the outer bone layer
2) weakened bone
3) cortical bone fracture

97
Q

true or false: Stress fracture is a shin splint

A

FALSE: stress fracture is NOT a shin splint

98
Q

shin splints

A

pain along inside tibial surface

99
Q

shin splints involve what 2 things?

A

pain and inflammation

100
Q

is their disruption of cortical bone in shin splints?

A

NO disruption of cortical bone in shin splints

101
Q

4 ways to prevent injury?

A

1) Protective Equipment
2) Warm up and Cool down
3) Keeping fit and flexible
4) Eating and Resting

102
Q

in order to function effectively, the body must receive what 2 things?

A
  • proper nutrient

- adequate rest

103
Q

What 2 things should be avoided to prevent injury?

A

-over-training and lack of sleep

Intro kinesiology (19 decks)

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