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Intro kinesiology > Chapter 15 - Growth and Development > Flashcards

Chapter 15 - Growth and Development Flashcards

1
Q

what are 3 important influences that affect individual growth and development?

A

1) early exposure to physical activities
2) critical periods
3) readiness

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2
Q

early development of what 5 things is essential for growth and development?

A

balance, coordination, strength, flexibility and endurance

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3
Q

critical periods

A

times of particular sensitivity to environmental stimuli

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4
Q

what affects the potential for optimal development?

A

the presence or absence of appropriate stimuli at this critical period

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5
Q

true or false: optimal development is quite early in development

A

true

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6
Q

readiness

A

implies that the individual is prepared or ready, to acquire a particular behaviour or skill

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7
Q

performance requires what 4 needs?

A

1) desire to perform
2) information
3) ability
4) acquisition of physical characteristics

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8
Q

what are the 3 stages of growth and development?

A

1) infancy
2) childhood
3) adolescence

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9
Q

what age category is infancy in?

A

birth to 1 year

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10
Q

true or false: growth is a slow process in infancy

A

FALSE: infancy is a period of rapid growth

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11
Q

are males or females usually heavier and taller at birth?

A

males

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12
Q

what age category is childhood?

A

1 year to 13 years

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13
Q

what are the 3 divisions of childhood and what ages are each?

A

1) early childhood (1-6)
2) mid-childhood (6-10)
3) late-childhood (10-13)

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14
Q

list 5 features of early childhood

A

1) gradual loss of “baby fat”
2) girls lose less fat than boys
3) rapid growth but not as rapid as infancy
4) quite flexible
5) muscle development while at play

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15
Q

list 2 features of mid-childhood

A

1) slower, more constant growth

2) improved coordination and motor functioning

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16
Q

list 6 features of late childhood

A

1) increased rate of growth
2) fat deposition just prior to adolescent growth spurt
3) individual differences in maturation
4) development of the reproductive system
5) appearance of secondary sex characteristics
6) redistribution of body weight

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17
Q

when does fat deposition just prior to adolescent growth spurt occur in girls? boys?

A 
girls = 9-10
boys = 11-12
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18
Q

true or false: during late childhood boys muscle tissue increases and their body fat decreases while girls body fat slightly increases

A

true

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19
Q

what may account for females ability to achieve world class status across many sports?

A

earlier onset of maturation in females

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20
Q

who is tara lipinski?

A

the youngest US ladies’ figure skating champion (14 when she won)

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21
Q

what age category is adolescence?

A

14-20

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22
Q

what are 4 features of adolescence?

A

1) following puberty
2) ends with onset of adulthood
3) obvious differences in physical growth cease with the end of the adolescence time period
4) the variability of body types (somatotypes) become more evident

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23
Q

what are the 3 somatotypes?

A

1) ectomorph
2) mesomorph
3) endomorph

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24
Q

true or false: everyone is one specific somatotype

A

FALSE: usually individuals are a combination of these types

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25
Q

when do external social pressures for the “ideal” body type tend to occur?

A

during adolescence

26
Q

adolescence is combined with what 3 type of changes that occur during the period?

A

physical, hormonal and psychological

27
Q

true or false: the adolescent growth spurt occurs approx. 2 years earlier in girls than in boys

A

true

28
Q

true or false: there is a significant difference between female and male physique prior to puberty

A

FALSE: prior to puberty, there is not a significant difference between female and male physique

29
Q

true or false: within each of the life stages, there is individuality and variability in growth and development among people

A

true

30
Q

what are 4 factors affecting growth and development?

A

1) heredity
2) nutrition
3) socioeconomic status
4) exercise

31
Q

heredity

A

genetic information that is passed on from generation to generation

32
Q

what are genes also affected by?

A

environmental factors

33
Q

what could malnutrition prevent?

A

could prevent an individual from growing to their maximum potential height

34
Q

true or false: adequate nutrients are essential for growth and development

A

true

35
Q

______ and _______ are primarily used for energy

A

carbohydrates and fats

36
Q

_______ contribute to growth and repair of body tissues, including muscle

A

proteins

37
Q

______, ________, and _______ are also essential for various functions and reactions that occur in the body

A

vitamins, minerals and water

38
Q

_______ can delay growth

A

malnutrition/undernourishment

39
Q

true or false: undernourishment only exists in countries with little food supplies

A

FALSE: undernourishment exists even in countries with abundant food supplies

40
Q

what 2 things is body size related to?

A

1) socioeconomic status

2) nutrition

41
Q

what 4 things does socio-economic status affect?

A

1) income
2) education
3) time
4) availability

42
Q

what are 3 factors other than socio-economic status that may contribute to the differences observed in growth and development among individuals?

A

1) lower levels of stress
2) better sleeping patterns
3) regular exercise

43
Q

what are 3 positives of exercise and bone development?

A

1) regular exercise tends to increase the diameter and density of bone
2) increased strength and durability
3) increased length of non-weight bearing bones such as the arms

44
Q

what are 2 negatives of exercise and bone development?

A

1) overuse injuries can be incurred by young children who over-train
2) too much strain on a bone during a period of growth can lead to osteochondrosis

45
Q

osterochondrosis

A

the derangement of the normal process of bone growth

46
Q

active children and teenagers show what 3 things?

A

1) an increase in lean body mass
2) a decrease in percent body fat
3) muscle hypertrophy with exercise

47
Q

what can pressure by parents and coaches do?

A

hinder the development of an active lifestyle and cause stress

48
Q

perceptual motor development

A

the use of movement activities to enhance academic or intellectual performance

49
Q

who developed the perceptual motor development theory?

A

Kephart - over 30 years ago

50
Q

what did kephart believe?

A

that learning deficiencies resulted from the inability to properly integrate present stimuli with the stored information concerning past stimuli

51
Q

what does kepharts theory suggest?

A

suggests that participation in basic forms of movement may improve reading and writing skills

52
Q

stature

A

refers to a persons standing height

53
Q

body length is measured in infants while the child is ____

A

supine

54
Q

true or false: there is little difference in average length between males and females at birth

A

true
boys = 50.5 cm
girls = 49.9 cm

55
Q

by then end of the first year how long are boys? girls?

A 
boys = 75 cm
girls = 74.1 cm
56
Q

true or false: after 2 years, stature increases more slowly, until adolescence

A

true

57
Q

how much do girls grow per year on average? boys?

A 
girls = 8cm/year avg
boys = 10 cm/year avg
58
Q

when is peak height achieved in boys? girls?

A 
boys = 18
girls = 16.5
59
Q

usually there is no change in stature after age ___

A

30

60
Q

why does height sometimes begin to decrease after age 45?

A

due to a degeneration of inter vertebral disks

61
Q

true or false: from birth until adolescence, boys are much heavier than girls

A

FALSE: little difference in body weigh exists between boys and girls from birth until adolescence

Intro kinesiology (19 decks)

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