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Intro kinesiology > Chapter 3 - Muscle Structure And Function > Flashcards

Chapter 3 - Muscle Structure And Function Flashcards

0
Q

Muscle makes up ___-___% (in women) and ___-___ (in men) of body mass

A

30-35 in women and 42-47 in men

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1
Q

Human body consists of _____ muscles

A

640

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2
Q

What are the 3 basic types of muscle?

A

1) skeletal
2) smooth
3) cardiac

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3
Q

What is another name for skeletal muscle?

A

Striated muscle

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4
Q

Skeletal muscle connects the various parts of the skeleton through one or more connective tissue structures called _______

A

Tendons

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5
Q

During muscle _______ skeletal muscle shortens and moves various parts of the skeleton

A

Contraction

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6
Q

How can the required smoothness and speed of muscles be achieved?

A

Through the graded activation of muscles

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7
Q

Are skeletal muscles under voluntary or involuntary control?

A

Under voluntary control

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8
Q

________ involves the assessment of movement and the sequential pattern of muscle activation that that move body segments

A

Biomechanics

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9
Q

What is most skeletal muscle attached to?

A

Bone

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10
Q

What is skeletal muscles contraction responsible for?

A

Supporting and Moving the skeleton

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11
Q

List 4 spots u can find smooth muscle.

A

1) blood vessels
2) respiratory tract
3) iris of the eye
4) gastro-intestinal tract

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12
Q

Are the contractions of smooth muscle slow and uniform?

A

Yes

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13
Q

What are the functions of the smooth muscle?

A

To alter the activity of various body parts to meet the needs f the body at that time

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14
Q

Smooth muscle is fatigue _______

A

Resistant

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15
Q

Activation of smooth muscle is ________

A

Involuntary

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16
Q

Swallowing food in the esophagus uses wave like movements called _____

A

Peristalsis

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17
Q

What kind of muscle has characteristics of both skeletal and smooth

A

Cardiac muscle

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18
Q

What are the functions of cardiac muscle

A

To provide the contractile activity of the heart

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19
Q

Contractile activity can be ______ (like skeletal muscle)

A

Graded

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20
Q

Is very fatigue _______

A

Resistant

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21
Q

Activation of cardiac muscle is ________ (like smooth muscle)

A

Involuntary

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22
Q

What are the 4 components of skeletal muscle?

A

1) muscle belly
2) muscle fiber bundle
3) muscle fiber
4) filament proteins

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23
Q

What is the muscle belly? (Of skeletal muscle)

A

The “whole” of the muscle is the muscle belly

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24
Q

What is the muscle fiber bundle? (Of skeletal muscle)

A

Muscle fiber bundle is a bunch of fibers bundled together

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25
Q

What are muscle fibers? (Skeletal muscle)

A

Muscle fibers are the individual muscle fibers that make up the bundle

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26
Q

Where are filament proteins found in skeletal muscle?

A

Inside the myofibril

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27
Q

Muscle fibers are ______ shaped cells that make up the skeletal muscle

A

Cylinder

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28
Q

Each muscle fiber is made up of a nber of _________

A

Myofilaments

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29
Q

Muscle fibers are surrounded by a connective tissue sheath (membrane) called __________

A

Sarcolemma

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30
Q

Many muscle fibers are enclosed by connective tissue sheath called _______ to form a bundle of fibers

A

Perimysium

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31
Q

What 2 things does each muscle fiber contain?

A

1) contractile machinery

2) cell organelles

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32
Q

Muscle fibers are activated through nerve impulses via ____ ____ ____

A

Motor end plate

33
Q

What is a group of muscle fibers activated via the same nerve called?

A

Motor unit

34
Q

Each muscle fiber has _______ that supply nutrients and eliminate waste

A

Capillaries

35
Q

What is the agonist (prime mover)?

A

The muscle or group of muscles producing a desired effect

Eg. The bicep when lifting an object

36
Q

What is the antagonist?

A

The muscle or group of muscles opposing the action

Eg. The triceps relax when the bicep is working

37
Q

What is the synergist?

A

The muscles surrounding the joint being moved

38
Q

What are the fixators?

A

The muscle of group of muscles that steady joints closer to the body axis so that the desired action can occur

Muscles that stabilize so you don’t dislocate

Eg. If you are carrying 45 pounds of weight in your hand your shoulder would pop out if not for the shoulder fixator muscles

39
Q

Sarcomeres are ________ units

A

Contractile

40
Q

What are the 2 types of protein myofilaments in sarcomeres?

A

Actin

Myosin

41
Q

What are actin

A

Thin filament

42
Q

What are myosin

A

Thick filament

43
Q

Each myosin is surrounded by ___ actin filaments

A

6

44
Q

Projecting from each myosin are tiny contractile _______ _______.

A

Myosin bridges

45
Q

What is cross bridge formation?

A
  • a signal comes from the motor nerve activating the fiber
  • the heads of the myosin filaments temporarily attach themselves to the actin filaments
  • active action coming from the brain
    Motor nerve activates fiber causing the myosin to attach to actin
46
Q

What is cross bridge movement?

A
  • similar to the stroking of the para and movement of rowing shell
  • movement of myosin filaments in relationn to actin filaments
  • shortening of the sarcomere
  • shortening of each sarcomere is additive
47
Q

Sarcomeres should be _____ distance apart

A

Optimal

48
Q

What happens if the sarcomeres are stretched farther apart than optimal distance?

A

Then fewer cross bridges can form which means less force is produced

49
Q

What happens if the sarcomeres are too close together?

A

Cross bridges then interfere with one another as they form which means less force is produced

50
Q

Maximal force occurs at what 2 things?

A

Optimal muscle length and joint angle

51
Q

Optimal joint angle occurs at ______ ______ ______

A

Optimal muscle length

52
Q

The distance between sarcomeres needs to be optimal for what to occur

A

Maximum exertion of force

53
Q

What are the 2 types of muscle fibers?

A

Slow twitch fibers and fast twitch fibers

54
Q

Slow twitch fibers

A
  • slow oxidative (type 1)
  • continuous repition but slowly
  • suited for repeated contractions during activities requiring a force output of less than 20-25% of max force output
  • examples: lower power activities, endurance events
  • have less capacity to generate force
55
Q

Fast twitch fibers

A
  • fast glycolytic (type lla)
  • fast oxidative glycolytic (type llb)
  • explosive fibers
  • for maximum utilization
  • significantly greater force and speed generating capability than slow twitch fibers
  • well suited for activities involving high power, low endurance
  • examples: sprinting, jumping, throwing
  • you want explosiveness
56
Q

Give a comparison example between fast twitch and slow twitch

A

Jumping on the spot would be slow twitch while jumping distance would be fast twitch

57
Q

Nervous system can be divided into what 2 parts?

A

Central nervous system (CNS)

Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

58
Q

What 2 functions can the nervous system be divided into?

A

Motor and sensory activity

59
Q

Sensory

A

Collects info from the various sensors located throughout he body and transmits the info to the brain

60
Q

Motor

A

Conducts signals to activate muscle contraction

61
Q

Most f what happens in our eyes is _______

A

Sensory

62
Q

Hot receptors cold receptors pressure receptors are all examples of ______

A

Sensory

63
Q

Motor nerves extend from where to where

A

From the spinal cord to the muscle fibers

64
Q

How is each muscle fiber activated by motor nerves?

A

Through impulses delivered via the motor end plate

65
Q

Motor unit

A

A group of fibers activated via the same nerve

66
Q

True or false: all muscle fibers of one particular motor unit are always of the same fiber type

A

True

67
Q

What do muscles that need to perform precise movements generally consist of?

A

A large number of motor units and new muscle fibers

68
Q

What do muscles who need to perform less precise movements generally consist of?

A

Fewer motor units with many fibers per unit

69
Q

All or none principle

A

Whether or not a motor unit activates upon the arrival of an impulse depends upon the so called all or none principle

70
Q

What is required to cause the inner cared fibers to contract?

A

An impulse of a certain magnitude (or strength)

71
Q

Every motor unit has a special _______ that much be reached for such activation to occur

A

Threshold

72
Q

What is intra muscle coordination

A

The capacity to apply motor units simultaneously

73
Q

How much of their available muscle fibers can highly trained power athletes (weightlifters, wrestlers and shot putters) activate up to? Vs an untrained person?

A

85% vs 65%

74
Q

Force deficit

A

The difference between assisted and voluntarily generated maximal force

75
Q

Inter muscle coordination

A

The interplay between muscles that generate movement through contraction (agonists) and muscles responsible for opposing movements (antagonists)

76
Q

The greater the participation of muscles and muscle groups the higher the what?

A

The higher the importance of inter muscle coordination

77
Q

Prime mover is controlled by ______

A

Antagonist

78
Q

The greater the participation, the greater the _________

A

Functionality

79
Q

Individuals performance improvements occur through a process of _________ _________ which is reflected on the body’s increased strength

A

Biological adaptation

80
Q

What does adaptation of muscles depend on?

A

Intensity levels used in training and on athletes uniqr biological makeup

Intro kinesiology (19 decks)

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