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Intro kinesiology > Chapter 2 - Human Anatomy > Flashcards

Chapter 2 - Human Anatomy Flashcards

0
Q

Structure determines ________

A

Function (the structures of the human body are well designed for efficient movement)

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1
Q

Human anatomy

A

The study of the structures of the human body and how those structures relate to each other

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2
Q

Anatomical position

A
  • standing erect, facing forward, legs straight, palms forward, arms hanging at the sides, toes feet heels parallel to eachother
  • the starting point for describing the human body
  • universally accepted
  • used in all anatomical descriptions and reference for movements
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3
Q

Lateral

A

Away from the midline of the body

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4
Q

Medial

A

Towards the midline of the body

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5
Q

Distal

A

Further from some specified point

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6
Q

Proximal

A

Closer to some specified point

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7
Q

Anterior

A

Front of or front of your body

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8
Q

Posterior

A

Behind or back of body

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9
Q

Superior

A

Above

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10
Q

Inferior

A

Below

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11
Q

Supine

A

Lying on your back like Doing a sit up

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12
Q

Prone

A

Lying face down like doing a push up

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13
Q

Median or sagittal plane

A

Vertical plane that bisects the body into right and left halves

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14
Q

Frontal plan3

A

A vertical plane that bisects the body into front and back

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15
Q

Transverse or horizontal plane

A

A horizontal plane that bisects the body into top and bottom

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16
Q

Flexion

A

Reduces the angle between two bones at a joint

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17
Q

Extension

A

Increases the angle between 2 bones at a joint

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18
Q

Abduction

A

Moving a segment away from the midline of the body

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19
Q

Adduction

A

Moving a segment towards the midline of the body

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20
Q

Circumduction

A

A come of movement that does not include any rotation

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21
Q

Rotation

A

Turning of a bone on its longitudinal axis

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22
Q

Medial rotation

A

Rotation towards the midline

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23
Q

Lateral rotation

A

Rotation away from the midline

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24
Pronation
When the palm is moved to face posteriorly
25
Supination
When the palm is moved to face anterior my
26
Dorsiexion
Bringing the top of the foot toward the lower leg or shin
27
Plantar flexion
"Planting" the foot
28
Inversion
When the sole is turned inward
29
Eversion
When the sole is turned outward or away from the median plane of the body
30
There are approx ____ bones that make up the human skeleton
206
31
Function of skeletal system is:
To provide the supporting framework: | To protect the vital organs
32
_______ is the outermost part of the bone composition and is the densest
Cortical bone
33
What makes bones denser and more mineralized?
Regular physical activity
34
Axial skeleton
Made up of the skull, sternum, ribs, and vertebral column
35
Skull is divided into two parts. What are they?
Calvaria (cranial vault) and facial bones
36
Calvaria (cranial vault)
The bones which make up the skull (frontal bone, parietal bone, occipital bone and temporal bone)
37
Facial bones
Smaller distinctive bones that make up the facial features (lacrimal bone, nasal bone, zygomatic bone, maxilla bone and mandible bone)
38
Which part of the jaw is fixed and which part is hinged
The mandible is hinged so it is movable however the maxilla is fixed so it is immovable
39
Vertebral column
- 7 cervical vertebrae (of the neck) - 13 thoracic vertebrae (of the chest) - 5 lumbar vertebrae (for the lower back) - sacrum (mid-line region of buttocks) - coccyx (4 or 5 fused vertebrae of the tail bone)
40
Ribs
Protect the heart, lungs liver spleen and kidneys
41
There are ___ pairs of ribs
12
42
Ribs are made up of what 2 things?
Bone and cartilage which strengthen the chest cage and permit it to expand
43
The ribs are classified into 3 groups based on anterior attachment. What are these 3 groups?
True ribs False ribs Floating ribs
44
True ribs
Ribs 1-7 Attach to both the vertebrae and the sternum
45
False ribs
Ribs 8-10 Attach only to the sternum indirectly through the 7th rib
46
Floating ribs
Rib 11 and 12 Only attach to the vertebral column
47
Appendicular skeleton
Made up of the pectoral girdle (chest), pelvic girdle (hip), the upper limbs and the lower limbs
48
Pectoral girdle
Made up of the scapula (shoulder blade) and the clavicle (collar bone) - gives the upper limb lots of mobility
49
_________ joint is the only point of attachment between the axial skeleton at the pectoral girdle
Sternoclavicular joint
50
Pelvic girdle
Formed by a pair of os coxae (shoulder bones) | Supports the bladder and the abdominal contents
51
The pelvic girdle attaches posteriorly to the _______
Sacrum
52
The pelvic girdle attaches anterior lay to ________
Pectoral girdle
53
The pelvic girdle attaches laterally to the head of the ____ bone through a cup-shaped acetabulum
Thigh bone
54
Upper limb
Consists of humerus (long arm bone that extends from the shoulder to the elbow), and the radius and ulna (forearm bones which go from the elbow to the wrist)
55
Radius
Located on thumb side of hand
56
Ulna
Baby finger side of hand
57
When you pronate (face palm inferiorly) the forearm, the _____ actually crosses over the _____.
Radius crosses over the Ulna
58
Wrist
Has 2 rows that each have 4 bones in them (total of 8) called carpals
59
The long bones of the hand are called ______.
Metacarpals
60
How many phalanges/phalanx are there on each finger?
Each finger has 3 except the thumb only has 2
61
Lower limb consists of?
Femur, patella, tibia, fibula, medial malleolus, lateral malleolus, tarsals, calcaneus, talus, metatarsals and phalanges
62
The thigh bone that extends from the hip to the knee is the _____
Femur
63
Another name for the knee cap?
Patella
64
What kind of bone is the knee cap/patella?
Sesamoid bone in the tendon of the quadriceps muscle (thigh)
65
What are the 2 leg bones that extend from the knee to the ankle? Which is medial, which is lateral?
Tibia is medial, fibula is lateral
66
What is on the distal end of the tibia?
Medial malleolus
67
What is on the distal end of the fibula?
The lateral malleolus
68
Tarsals
Ankle bones -calcaneus and talus
69
Calcaneus
Heel bone
70
Talus
Top of foot near ankle?
71
Metatarsals
5 bones of the foot that connect to the toes
72
There are 3 _____ per toe except for the great toe which has 2.
Phalanges (toe bones). Called proximal, middle and distal
73
Joint
A point of connection between 2 bones
74
Strands of ______ tissue, and ______ hold the bones together and ensure the stability of joints.
Connective tissue and ligaments
75
This "ties the pieces together"
Ligaments
76
Sprain
Damage to the ligaments/capsule of the joint
77
How are joints classified?
According to their motion capabilities
78
Syntharthroses
Immovable joints | Located at the fibula and tibia at the ankle
79
Amphiarthroses
Slightly movable joints | Joints between the vertebrae in the spine
80
Diarthroses
Allow the greatest movement of motion | Located at the knee
81
What are joints further classified by
The material that joints them
82
Fibrous joint
Allow no movement | Sutures of Skull
83
Cartilaginous joint
Allow limited movement | Edge intervertebral dises, spine
84
Synovial joints
Allow large range of movements | Eg hip and shoulder joints and knee
85
What are the 3 basic types of synovial joints
1. uniaxial 2. biaxial 3. multiaxial
86
The elbow only moves up and down. What type of synovial joint is this?
Uniaxial (movement only about one axis)
87
The knee goes up and down but also moves inside and out. What type of synovial joint is this?
Biaxial (movement about two perpendicular axis)
88
Shoulder and hip joints move in all directions because of their ball and socket. What type of synovial joint is this?
Multiaxial (movement about all 3 perpendicular axis)
89
What are the 3 joints of the pectoral girdle?
1. sternoclavicular joint 2. acromioclavicular joint 3. glenohumeral joint
90
What is the only joint connecting the pectoral girdle to the axial skeleton?
Sternoclavicular joint
91
Sternoclavicular joint
Connects the sternum to the clavicle | True synovial joint strengthened by intracapsular discs and extrinsic ligaments
92
Acromioclavicular joint
Unites the lateral end of the clavicle with the acromion process of the scapula Where shoulder separations often occur in sports (AC separation)
93
Glenohumeral joint
Connects the upper limb and the scapula A typical multiaxial joint Has a wide range of movement at this joint Compromise- relative lack of stability Cup like socket in scapula where head of humerus sits
94
There are 3 joints at the elbow. What are they?
1. Humero-ulnar joint 2. Humero-radial joint 3. Radio-ulnar joint
95
What is the medial (with respect to anatomical position) elbow joint between the trochlea of the humerus and the olecranon process of the ulna?
Humero-ulnar joint
96
What is the lateral elbow joint between the capitulum of the humerus and the head of the radius?
Humero-radial join
97
What elbow joint is between the radius and the ulna?
Radio-ulnar joint
98
What is the joint of the wrist?
Radio-carpal joint - between the distal end of the radius and the carpals - movements are flexion-extension and abduction adduction - on the lateral side of the ulnar-carpal joint
99
What is the main joint of the pelvic girdle?
Hip joint -between the head of the femur and the cup (acetabulum) of the hip bone (os coxae) -like the shoulder joint, the hip joint is: A ball and socket joint Multiaxial joint that allows flexion extension, abduction adduction, and circumduction -aka the femoral acetabulum joint
100
What is another name for the knee joint? What range of movement do you find at this joint? What type f joint is this?
Another name is the tibiofemoral joint (where tibia and femur come together) There is an incredible range of movement - flexion extension It is a synovial joint
101
Between the patella and femur there is a sliding joint called what?
Patella femoral join
102
what is another name for the ankle joint? What bones are found at the ankle joint?
Another name for the ankle joint is the talocural joint The bones that are found there are: - medial and lateral malleoli of the tibia and fibula - head of the talus - calcaneus (heel bone)
103
There are over ___ muscles in the human body
600
104
What do the muscles do? What must happen for them to do this?
They allow the skeleton to move. To cause movement both ends of each muscle must be attached to bone
105
There are 2 types of attachment of bone to muscle. What are they?
Origin or proximal attachment | Insertion or distal attachment
106
Origin or proximal attachment
The attachment close to the center of the body
107
Insertion or distal
The attachment away from the centre of the body
108
Neck muscles
There are muscles posterior, lateral and anterior to the neck or cervical region
109
What do the neck muscles do?
Maintain the position in which the head sits on the 1st cervical vertebra (atlas) ie. they hold up our head Also permit a wide range of movement
110
Trapezius - upper fibers
Important lateral neck muscles Movements: Acting alone, tilt the head to the same side Together,, they assist in neck extension
111
There are _____ muscles and ______ muscles that act to hold the pectoral girdle to the chest wall
Anterior and posterior
112
What are the 4 anterior muscles that hold the pectoral girdle to the chest wall?
1. PECTORALIS MAJOR 2. Pectoralis minor 3. subclavius 4. serratus anterior
113
What are the 5 posterior neck muscles that hold the pectoral girdle to the chest wall?
1. TRAPEZIUS 2. Latissimus dorsi 3. levatir scapulae 4. rhimboids major 5. rhomboids minor
114
What is the anterior muscle that attaches the scapula to the humerus and act across the shoulder joint?
Subcapularis
115
What are the 4 posterior muscles that attaches the scapula to the humerus and act across the shoulder joint?
1. supraspinatus 2. infraspinatus 3. teres major 4. teres minor
116
What is the lateral muscle that attaches the scapula to the humerus and act across the shoulder joint?
DELTOID
117
What are the two parts to the anterior compartment of the muscles of the arms?
1. Biceps brachii | 2. Brachialis
118
What do the biceps brachii attach to?
Proximal my to the voracious process of the scapulac (short head) and the glenoid fossa (long head) Didt ally to the proximal part of the radius movements of the arm Flexor of the elbow joint Supinatir of the forearm
119
The biceps brachii allow the radius to turn ______
Upwards
120
The biceps brachii are involved in: A elbow flexion and supination of the forearm B elbow extension and pronation of the forearm
Elbow flexion and supination of the forearm
121
What does the brachialis attach to?
Proximal to the anterior surface of the humerus Dismally to the coton lid process of the ulna
122
The brachialis attaches on the _____ and the biceps brachii attach on the ____
Ulna and radius
123
What movements do the brachialis give the arms?
Powerful flexor of the elbow joint It works along with the biceps brachii
124
What is the muscle in the posterior compartment of the muscles of the arm?
Triceps brachii
125
Where do they triceps brachii attach?
Proximal my to the humerus (medial and lateral head) Dis tally to the olecranon process of the ulna (together with the long head)
126
What movement does the tricep brachii give the arm?
Elbow extensor
127
What parts of the arm do forearm muscles act on?
Elbow wrist and digits
128
What are the 2 muscles of the forearm?
Flexor pronate group Extensor supinatir group
129
Flexor pronator group
Attached to the medial epicondylitis of the humerus Attached on medial side and lead down to forearm
130
Extensor supinatir group
Attached to lateral epicondylitis of the humerus Attach on the lateral side and cause supination
131
Anterior muscles of the pelvic girdle?
Sits in lumbar spine Attached on the upper femur Iliac is is the lower portion Dias is the upper medial portion They work together Major function is to flex the hip
132
Posterior and lateral muscles of the pelvic girdle
Gluteals Lateral or external rotators of the hip (6 little muscles)
133
What are the 3 gluteal muscles?
GLUTEUS MAXIMUS gluteus minimus Gluteus medius
134
Gluteus Maximus
Largest of the 3 gluteus muscles Principal extensor of the hip
135
Gluteus medius and minimus
Assist in hip extension Abduct the hip
136
What is another name for the medial compartment of the thigh muscles?
Groin area
137
What are the muscles of the groin area?
1. Pectinseus (1st from top) 2. Gracilis (bottom) 3. Adductors - adductor longus (3rd from the top) - adductor brevis (2nd from the top) - adductor Magnus (2nd from the bottom) Remember in order alphabet, B first then L then M
138
What is the primary action of the adductors in the groin area?
To addict the thigh towards the midline | These muscles tightens up when you lunge from one side to the other
139
What are the two muscles of the anterior compartment of the thighs?
SARTORIUS & QUADRICEPS
140
SARTORIUS
Longest muscle in the body
141
QUADRICEPS
Biggest function is knee extension - rectus femoris - vastus lateralis- outside - vastus intermediate - vastus medial - inside
142
SARTORIUS and rectus femoris also help flex at the _____
Hip
143
What are the 3 muscles of the posterior compartment of the thighs?
Hamstrings Tendinotis Membranous
144
Hamstrings
Biceps femoris Semitendinosus - thick Semi membranous - fibrous
145
Where do the hamstrings attach?
Proximaly to the ischil tuberosity Distally biceps femoris to the head of the fibula and the semitendenosous and semimembranosous to the tibia
146
The hamstrings flex ______ and extend at _____
The knee and extend at the hip
147
Tendinotis
Attached to the front side of the tibia
148
Membranosous
Attaches to the back side of the tibia | Flexes knee and extends hip
149
What are the 3 muscles of the anterior compartment of the legs?
TIBIALIS ANTERIOR EXTENSOR HALLUCIS LONGUS EXTERNSOR DIGITORUM
150
TIBIALIS ANTERIOR
Main muscle involved with dorsi flexion
151
EXTENSOR HALLUCIS LONGUS
Goes down to the big toe and causes it to come up
152
EXTENSOR DIGITORUM
Goes down to digits of the foot and causes the toes to come up
153
What are the 2 muscles of the lateral compartment of the legs?
PERONEUS LONGUS | PERONEUS BREVIS
154
PERONEUS LONGUS
Function is to evert the foot
155
PERONEUS BREVIS
Attached to the styloid of the 5th metatarsals
156
PERONEUS LONGUS and PERONEUS BREVIS proximally attach to the lateral surface of _______. They dismally attach to ______.
The tibia and the foot
157
What is the movement of the PERONEUS LONGUS and the PERONEUS BREVIS?
Plantar flexors Ever gets of the sole of the foot
158
What are the 2 muscles of the superficial group of the posterior compartment of the legs?
Gastrocnemius | Soleus
159
Gastrocnemius
Has 2 proximal heads Proximal unattached to the medial and lateral epicondyles of the distal femur
160
Soleus
Proximaly attaches to head proximal ends of tibia and fibula Called this because it looks like a fillet fish (sole)
161
Gastrocnemius and soleus come together to form an _________ tendon
Achilles
162
Achilles' tendon attaches to _______
Calcaneus
163
What are the principal flexors of the ankle?
Gastrocnemius and soleus
164
What are the 3 muscles of the deep group of the posterior compartment in the legs?
1. tibialis posterior 2. flexor digitoxin Longus 3. flexor Hallucis longus
165
What is the primary function of the 3 deep group muscles?
Primary function is flexion of the toes | Assist in plantar flexion of the ankle
166
What are the 3 obliques of the abdomen?
EXTERNAL OBLIQUE INTERNAL ONLIQUE TRANSVERSE OBLIQUE
167
What are the functions of the oblique muscles?
Lateral bending of the abdomen Rotation of the abdomen Extension of the abdomen during forced inspiration Allow the development of a pregnant uterus Contract to help expel fecal contents from the rectum
168
Rectus abdominus
Paired midline muscles Powerful flexor of the anterior abdominal wall Strengthening of the abdominal muscles is a very important part of the back therapy, because the abdominals, act support the back Mid portion of the belly When this is well developed it becomes a 6 pack Main purpose is to cause trunk flexion Must be supine (sit up position) to get trunk flexion because if you are standing the lower back is doing the work

Intro kinesiology (19 decks)

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