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Intro kinesiology > Chapter 2 - Human Anatomy > Flashcards

Chapter 2 - Human Anatomy Flashcards

0
Q

Structure determines ________

A

Function (the structures of the human body are well designed for efficient movement)

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1
Q

Human anatomy

A

The study of the structures of the human body and how those structures relate to each other

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2
Q

Anatomical position

A
  • standing erect, facing forward, legs straight, palms forward, arms hanging at the sides, toes feet heels parallel to eachother
  • the starting point for describing the human body
  • universally accepted
  • used in all anatomical descriptions and reference for movements
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3
Q

Lateral

A

Away from the midline of the body

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4
Q

Medial

A

Towards the midline of the body

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5
Q

Distal

A

Further from some specified point

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6
Q

Proximal

A

Closer to some specified point

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7
Q

Anterior

A

Front of or front of your body

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8
Q

Posterior

A

Behind or back of body

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9
Q

Superior

A

Above

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10
Q

Inferior

A

Below

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11
Q

Supine

A

Lying on your back like Doing a sit up

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12
Q

Prone

A

Lying face down like doing a push up

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13
Q

Median or sagittal plane

A

Vertical plane that bisects the body into right and left halves

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14
Q

Frontal plan3

A

A vertical plane that bisects the body into front and back

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15
Q

Transverse or horizontal plane

A

A horizontal plane that bisects the body into top and bottom

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16
Q

Flexion

A

Reduces the angle between two bones at a joint

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17
Q

Extension

A

Increases the angle between 2 bones at a joint

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18
Q

Abduction

A

Moving a segment away from the midline of the body

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19
Q

Adduction

A

Moving a segment towards the midline of the body

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20
Q

Circumduction

A

A come of movement that does not include any rotation

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21
Q

Rotation

A

Turning of a bone on its longitudinal axis

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22
Q

Medial rotation

A

Rotation towards the midline

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23
Q

Lateral rotation

A

Rotation away from the midline

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24
Q

Pronation

A

When the palm is moved to face posteriorly

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25
Q

Supination

A

When the palm is moved to face anterior my

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26
Q

Dorsiexion

A

Bringing the top of the foot toward the lower leg or shin

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27
Q

Plantar flexion

A

“Planting” the foot

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28
Q

Inversion

A

When the sole is turned inward

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29
Q

Eversion

A

When the sole is turned outward or away from the median plane of the body

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30
Q

There are approx ____ bones that make up the human skeleton

A

206

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31
Q

Function of skeletal system is:

A

To provide the supporting framework:

To protect the vital organs

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32
Q

_______ is the outermost part of the bone composition and is the densest

A

Cortical bone

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33
Q

What makes bones denser and more mineralized?

A

Regular physical activity

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34
Q

Axial skeleton

A

Made up of the skull, sternum, ribs, and vertebral column

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35
Q

Skull is divided into two parts. What are they?

A

Calvaria (cranial vault) and facial bones

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36
Q

Calvaria (cranial vault)

A

The bones which make up the skull (frontal bone, parietal bone, occipital bone and temporal bone)

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37
Q

Facial bones

A

Smaller distinctive bones that make up the facial features (lacrimal bone, nasal bone, zygomatic bone, maxilla bone and mandible bone)

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38
Q

Which part of the jaw is fixed and which part is hinged

A

The mandible is hinged so it is movable however the maxilla is fixed so it is immovable

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39
Q

Vertebral column

A
  • 7 cervical vertebrae (of the neck)
  • 13 thoracic vertebrae (of the chest)
  • 5 lumbar vertebrae (for the lower back)
  • sacrum (mid-line region of buttocks)
  • coccyx (4 or 5 fused vertebrae of the tail bone)
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40
Q

Ribs

A

Protect the heart, lungs liver spleen and kidneys

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41
Q

There are ___ pairs of ribs

A

12

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42
Q

Ribs are made up of what 2 things?

A

Bone and cartilage which strengthen the chest cage and permit it to expand

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43
Q

The ribs are classified into 3 groups based on anterior attachment. What are these 3 groups?

A

True ribs
False ribs
Floating ribs

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44
Q

True ribs

A

Ribs 1-7

Attach to both the vertebrae and the sternum

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45
Q

False ribs

A

Ribs 8-10

Attach only to the sternum indirectly through the 7th rib

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46
Q

Floating ribs

A

Rib 11 and 12

Only attach to the vertebral column

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47
Q

Appendicular skeleton

A

Made up of the pectoral girdle (chest), pelvic girdle (hip), the upper limbs and the lower limbs

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48
Q

Pectoral girdle

A

Made up of the scapula (shoulder blade) and the clavicle (collar bone)
- gives the upper limb lots of mobility

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49
Q

_________ joint is the only point of attachment between the axial skeleton at the pectoral girdle

A

Sternoclavicular joint

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50
Q

Pelvic girdle

A

Formed by a pair of os coxae (shoulder bones)

Supports the bladder and the abdominal contents

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51
Q

The pelvic girdle attaches posteriorly to the _______

A

Sacrum

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52
Q

The pelvic girdle attaches anterior lay to ________

A

Pectoral girdle

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53
Q

The pelvic girdle attaches laterally to the head of the ____ bone through a cup-shaped acetabulum

A

Thigh bone

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54
Q

Upper limb

A

Consists of humerus (long arm bone that extends from the shoulder to the elbow), and the radius and ulna (forearm bones which go from the elbow to the wrist)

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55
Q

Radius

A

Located on thumb side of hand

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56
Q

Ulna

A

Baby finger side of hand

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57
Q

When you pronate (face palm inferiorly) the forearm, the _____ actually crosses over the _____.

A

Radius crosses over the Ulna

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58
Q

Wrist

A

Has 2 rows that each have 4 bones in them (total of 8) called carpals

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59
Q

The long bones of the hand are called ______.

A

Metacarpals

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60
Q

How many phalanges/phalanx are there on each finger?

A

Each finger has 3 except the thumb only has 2

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61
Q

Lower limb consists of?

A

Femur, patella, tibia, fibula, medial malleolus, lateral malleolus, tarsals, calcaneus, talus, metatarsals and phalanges

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62
Q

The thigh bone that extends from the hip to the knee is the _____

A

Femur

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63
Q

Another name for the knee cap?

A

Patella

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64
Q

What kind of bone is the knee cap/patella?

A

Sesamoid bone in the tendon of the quadriceps muscle (thigh)

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65
Q

What are the 2 leg bones that extend from the knee to the ankle? Which is medial, which is lateral?

A

Tibia is medial, fibula is lateral

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66
Q

What is on the distal end of the tibia?

A

Medial malleolus

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67
Q

What is on the distal end of the fibula?

A

The lateral malleolus

68
Q

Tarsals

A

Ankle bones

-calcaneus and talus

69
Q

Calcaneus

A

Heel bone

70
Q

Talus

A

Top of foot near ankle?

71
Q

Metatarsals

A

5 bones of the foot that connect to the toes

72
Q

There are 3 _____ per toe except for the great toe which has 2.

A

Phalanges (toe bones). Called proximal, middle and distal

73
Q

Joint

A

A point of connection between 2 bones

74
Q

Strands of ______ tissue, and ______ hold the bones together and ensure the stability of joints.

A

Connective tissue and ligaments

75
Q

This “ties the pieces together”

A

Ligaments

76
Q

Sprain

A

Damage to the ligaments/capsule of the joint

77
Q

How are joints classified?

A

According to their motion capabilities

78
Q

Syntharthroses

A

Immovable joints

Located at the fibula and tibia at the ankle

79
Q

Amphiarthroses

A

Slightly movable joints

Joints between the vertebrae in the spine

80
Q

Diarthroses

A

Allow the greatest movement of motion

Located at the knee

81
Q

What are joints further classified by

A

The material that joints them

82
Q

Fibrous joint

A

Allow no movement

Sutures of Skull

83
Q

Cartilaginous joint

A

Allow limited movement

Edge intervertebral dises, spine

84
Q

Synovial joints

A

Allow large range of movements

Eg hip and shoulder joints and knee

85
Q

What are the 3 basic types of synovial joints

A
  1. uniaxial
  2. biaxial
  3. multiaxial
86
Q

The elbow only moves up and down. What type of synovial joint is this?

A

Uniaxial (movement only about one axis)

87
Q

The knee goes up and down but also moves inside and out. What type of synovial joint is this?

A

Biaxial (movement about two perpendicular axis)

88
Q

Shoulder and hip joints move in all directions because of their ball and socket. What type of synovial joint is this?

A

Multiaxial (movement about all 3 perpendicular axis)

89
Q

What are the 3 joints of the pectoral girdle?

A
  1. sternoclavicular joint
  2. acromioclavicular joint
  3. glenohumeral joint
90
Q

What is the only joint connecting the pectoral girdle to the axial skeleton?

A

Sternoclavicular joint

91
Q

Sternoclavicular joint

A

Connects the sternum to the clavicle

True synovial joint strengthened by intracapsular discs and extrinsic ligaments

92
Q

Acromioclavicular joint

A

Unites the lateral end of the clavicle with the acromion process of the scapula

Where shoulder separations often occur in sports (AC separation)

93
Q

Glenohumeral joint

A

Connects the upper limb and the scapula

A typical multiaxial joint

Has a wide range of movement at this joint

Compromise- relative lack of stability

Cup like socket in scapula where head of humerus sits

94
Q

There are 3 joints at the elbow. What are they?

A
  1. Humero-ulnar joint
  2. Humero-radial joint
  3. Radio-ulnar joint
95
Q

What is the medial (with respect to anatomical position) elbow joint between the trochlea of the humerus and the olecranon process of the ulna?

A

Humero-ulnar joint

96
Q

What is the lateral elbow joint between the capitulum of the humerus and the head of the radius?

A

Humero-radial join

97
Q

What elbow joint is between the radius and the ulna?

A

Radio-ulnar joint

98
Q

What is the joint of the wrist?

A

Radio-carpal joint

  • between the distal end of the radius and the carpals
  • movements are flexion-extension and abduction adduction
  • on the lateral side of the ulnar-carpal joint
99
Q

What is the main joint of the pelvic girdle?

A

Hip joint
-between the head of the femur and the cup (acetabulum) of the hip bone (os coxae)
-like the shoulder joint, the hip joint is:
A ball and socket joint
Multiaxial joint that allows flexion extension, abduction adduction, and circumduction
-aka the femoral acetabulum joint

100
Q

What is another name for the knee joint? What range of movement do you find at this joint? What type f joint is this?

A

Another name is the tibiofemoral joint (where tibia and femur come together)

There is an incredible range of movement - flexion extension

It is a synovial joint

101
Q

Between the patella and femur there is a sliding joint called what?

A

Patella femoral join

102
Q

what is another name for the ankle joint? What bones are found at the ankle joint?

A

Another name for the ankle joint is the talocural joint

The bones that are found there are:

  • medial and lateral malleoli of the tibia and fibula
  • head of the talus
  • calcaneus (heel bone)
103
Q

There are over ___ muscles in the human body

A

600

104
Q

What do the muscles do? What must happen for them to do this?

A

They allow the skeleton to move. To cause movement both ends of each muscle must be attached to bone

105
Q

There are 2 types of attachment of bone to muscle. What are they?

A

Origin or proximal attachment

Insertion or distal attachment

106
Q

Origin or proximal attachment

A

The attachment close to the center of the body

107
Q

Insertion or distal

A

The attachment away from the centre of the body

108
Q

Neck muscles

A

There are muscles posterior, lateral and anterior to the neck or cervical region

109
Q

What do the neck muscles do?

A

Maintain the position in which the head sits on the 1st cervical vertebra (atlas)
ie. they hold up our head

Also permit a wide range of movement

110
Q

Trapezius - upper fibers

A

Important lateral neck muscles

Movements:
Acting alone, tilt the head to the same side

Together,, they assist in neck extension

111
Q

There are _____ muscles and ______ muscles that act to hold the pectoral girdle to the chest wall

A

Anterior and posterior

112
Q

What are the 4 anterior muscles that hold the pectoral girdle to the chest wall?

A
  1. PECTORALIS MAJOR
  2. Pectoralis minor
  3. subclavius
  4. serratus anterior
113
Q

What are the 5 posterior neck muscles that hold the pectoral girdle to the chest wall?

A
  1. TRAPEZIUS
  2. Latissimus dorsi
  3. levatir scapulae
  4. rhimboids major
  5. rhomboids minor
114
Q

What is the anterior muscle that attaches the scapula to the humerus and act across the shoulder joint?

A

Subcapularis

115
Q

What are the 4 posterior muscles that attaches the scapula to the humerus and act across the shoulder joint?

A
  1. supraspinatus
  2. infraspinatus
  3. teres major
  4. teres minor
116
Q

What is the lateral muscle that attaches the scapula to the humerus and act across the shoulder joint?

A

DELTOID

117
Q

What are the two parts to the anterior compartment of the muscles of the arms?

A
  1. Biceps brachii

2. Brachialis

118
Q

What do the biceps brachii attach to?

A

Proximal my to the voracious process of the scapulac (short head) and the glenoid fossa (long head)

Didt ally to the proximal part of the radius movements of the arm

Flexor of the elbow joint

Supinatir of the forearm

119
Q

The biceps brachii allow the radius to turn ______

A

Upwards

120
Q

The biceps brachii are involved in:
A elbow flexion and supination of the forearm

B elbow extension and pronation of the forearm

A

Elbow flexion and supination of the forearm

121
Q

What does the brachialis attach to?

A

Proximal to the anterior surface of the humerus

Dismally to the coton lid process of the ulna

122
Q

The brachialis attaches on the _____ and the biceps brachii attach on the ____

A

Ulna and radius

123
Q

What movements do the brachialis give the arms?

A

Powerful flexor of the elbow joint

It works along with the biceps brachii

124
Q

What is the muscle in the posterior compartment of the muscles of the arm?

A

Triceps brachii

125
Q

Where do they triceps brachii attach?

A

Proximal my to the humerus (medial and lateral head)

Dis tally to the olecranon process of the ulna (together with the long head)

126
Q

What movement does the tricep brachii give the arm?

A

Elbow extensor

127
Q

What parts of the arm do forearm muscles act on?

A

Elbow wrist and digits

128
Q

What are the 2 muscles of the forearm?

A

Flexor pronate group

Extensor supinatir group

129
Q

Flexor pronator group

A

Attached to the medial epicondylitis of the humerus

Attached on medial side and lead down to forearm

130
Q

Extensor supinatir group

A

Attached to lateral epicondylitis of the humerus

Attach on the lateral side and cause supination

131
Q

Anterior muscles of the pelvic girdle?

A

Sits in lumbar spine

Attached on the upper femur

Iliac is is the lower portion

Dias is the upper medial portion
They work together
Major function is to flex the hip

132
Q

Posterior and lateral muscles of the pelvic girdle

A

Gluteals

Lateral or external rotators of the hip (6 little muscles)

133
Q

What are the 3 gluteal muscles?

A

GLUTEUS MAXIMUS
gluteus minimus
Gluteus medius

134
Q

Gluteus Maximus

A

Largest of the 3 gluteus muscles

Principal extensor of the hip

135
Q

Gluteus medius and minimus

A

Assist in hip extension

Abduct the hip

136
Q

What is another name for the medial compartment of the thigh muscles?

A

Groin area

137
Q

What are the muscles of the groin area?

A
  1. Pectinseus (1st from top)
  2. Gracilis (bottom)
  3. Adductors
    - adductor longus (3rd from the top)
    - adductor brevis (2nd from the top)
    - adductor Magnus (2nd from the bottom)

Remember in order alphabet, B first then L then M

138
Q

What is the primary action of the adductors in the groin area?

A

To addict the thigh towards the midline

These muscles tightens up when you lunge from one side to the other

139
Q

What are the two muscles of the anterior compartment of the thighs?

A

SARTORIUS & QUADRICEPS

140
Q

SARTORIUS

A

Longest muscle in the body

141
Q

QUADRICEPS

A

Biggest function is knee extension

  • rectus femoris
  • vastus lateralis- outside
  • vastus intermediate
  • vastus medial - inside
142
Q

SARTORIUS and rectus femoris also help flex at the _____

A

Hip

143
Q

What are the 3 muscles of the posterior compartment of the thighs?

A

Hamstrings
Tendinotis
Membranous

144
Q

Hamstrings

A

Biceps femoris
Semitendinosus - thick
Semi membranous - fibrous

145
Q

Where do the hamstrings attach?

A

Proximaly to the ischil tuberosity

Distally biceps femoris to the head of the fibula and the semitendenosous and semimembranosous to the tibia

146
Q

The hamstrings flex ______ and extend at _____

A

The knee and extend at the hip

147
Q

Tendinotis

A

Attached to the front side of the tibia

148
Q

Membranosous

A

Attaches to the back side of the tibia

Flexes knee and extends hip

149
Q

What are the 3 muscles of the anterior compartment of the legs?

A

TIBIALIS ANTERIOR
EXTENSOR HALLUCIS LONGUS
EXTERNSOR DIGITORUM

150
Q

TIBIALIS ANTERIOR

A

Main muscle involved with dorsi flexion

151
Q

EXTENSOR HALLUCIS LONGUS

A

Goes down to the big toe and causes it to come up

152
Q

EXTENSOR DIGITORUM

A

Goes down to digits of the foot and causes the toes to come up

153
Q

What are the 2 muscles of the lateral compartment of the legs?

A

PERONEUS LONGUS

PERONEUS BREVIS

154
Q

PERONEUS LONGUS

A

Function is to evert the foot

155
Q

PERONEUS BREVIS

A

Attached to the styloid of the 5th metatarsals

156
Q

PERONEUS LONGUS and PERONEUS BREVIS proximally attach to the lateral surface of _______. They dismally attach to ______.

A

The tibia and the foot

157
Q

What is the movement of the PERONEUS LONGUS and the PERONEUS BREVIS?

A

Plantar flexors

Ever gets of the sole of the foot

158
Q

What are the 2 muscles of the superficial group of the posterior compartment of the legs?

A

Gastrocnemius

Soleus

159
Q

Gastrocnemius

A

Has 2 proximal heads

Proximal unattached to the medial and lateral epicondyles of the distal femur

160
Q

Soleus

A

Proximaly attaches to head proximal ends of tibia and fibula

Called this because it looks like a fillet fish (sole)

161
Q

Gastrocnemius and soleus come together to form an _________ tendon

A

Achilles

162
Q

Achilles’ tendon attaches to _______

A

Calcaneus

163
Q

What are the principal flexors of the ankle?

A

Gastrocnemius and soleus

164
Q

What are the 3 muscles of the deep group of the posterior compartment in the legs?

A
  1. tibialis posterior
  2. flexor digitoxin Longus
  3. flexor Hallucis longus
165
Q

What is the primary function of the 3 deep group muscles?

A

Primary function is flexion of the toes

Assist in plantar flexion of the ankle

166
Q

What are the 3 obliques of the abdomen?

A

EXTERNAL OBLIQUE
INTERNAL ONLIQUE
TRANSVERSE OBLIQUE

167
Q

What are the functions of the oblique muscles?

A

Lateral bending of the abdomen

Rotation of the abdomen

Extension of the abdomen during forced inspiration

Allow the development of a pregnant uterus

Contract to help expel fecal contents from the rectum

168
Q

Rectus abdominus

A

Paired midline muscles

Powerful flexor of the anterior abdominal wall
Strengthening of the abdominal muscles is a very important part of the back therapy, because the abdominals, act support the back

Mid portion of the belly

When this is well developed it becomes a 6 pack

Main purpose is to cause trunk flexion
Must be supine (sit up position) to get trunk flexion because if you are standing the lower back is doing the work

Intro kinesiology (19 decks)

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