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Intro kinesiology > Chapter 6 - the heart and lungs at work > Flashcards

Chapter 6 - the heart and lungs at work Flashcards

1
Q

what is considered the most popular cardiovascular exercise?

A

Running

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2
Q

what are the 4 primary roles of the cardiovascular system?

A

1) to transport oxygen from the lungs to the heart
2) to transport carbon dioxide from the tissues to the lungs
3) to transport nutrients from the digestive system to other areas in the body
4) to transport products from sites of production to sites of exercise

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3
Q

what are the 2 components to measure blood pressure?

A

1) Diastole

2) Systole

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4
Q

Diastole

A

used to decribe the pressure in the heart when the ventricles are relaxed and are being filled with blood. indicator of peripheral blood pressure (the blood pressure in the body outside the heart)

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5
Q

Systole

A

the pressure in the ventricles when they are contracting and pushing blood out into the body

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6
Q

what is the normal range of pressure in the atria during diastole?

A

80mmHg

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7
Q

what is the normal range of pressure in the atria during systole?

A

120mmHg

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8
Q

what is the rest point called

A

diastole

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9
Q

the further from the heart, the lower the pressure. is this true or false?

A

true

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10
Q

what 2 items does a doctor use to take a patient’s blood pressure?

A

sphygmomanometer and stethoscope

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11
Q

hypertensive

A

blood pressure is too high - increases pressure going into the brain

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12
Q

problems with low blood pressure below 100 systolic

A

not enough blood going to brain

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13
Q

stroke volume

A

the amount of blood pumped out of the left ventricle each time the heart beats

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14
Q

what is stroke volume measured in?

A

milliliters

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15
Q

what is a typical stroke volume for a normal heart?

A

about 70 milliliters of blood per beat

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16
Q

what are the 2 ways to take heart rate?

A

with fingers on the wrist (radial) and with fingers on the neck (carotid)

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17
Q

heart rate

A

the number of times the heart beats in one minute, measured in beats per minute (bpm)

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18
Q

what are the contraction of the walls of the heart commonly known as?

A

the heart beat

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19
Q

what range can the resting heart rate of an adult be from?

A

40bpm in a highly trained athlete to 70bpm in a normal person

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20
Q

during intense exercise, the heart rate may increase up to ____ bpm

A

200bpm

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21
Q

what is the maximum heart rate?

A

220bpm

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22
Q

vessels that carry blood away from the heart are called ____

A

arteries

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23
Q

arteries branch into smaller and smaller vessels called _______

A

arterioles

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24
Q

the arterioles branch into even smaller vessels called ______

A

capillaries

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25
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

between heart and lungs

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26
Q

capillaries

A

allow for the exchange of oxygen and nutrients from the blood to the muscles and organs and allow blood to pick up the waste products and carbon dioxide from metabolism

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27
Q

as the blood begins to return to the heart, the capillaries connect to from larger and larger vessels called ______

A

venules

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28
Q

the venules then merge into larger vessels that return blood to the heart called ____

A

veins

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29
Q

the skeletal muscle pump

A

blood that flows towards the heart opens the valves and blood that flows away from the heart closes the valves

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30
Q

vericose veins

A

the valves failed (blood pools back down)

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31
Q

red blood cells

A

single blood cell

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32
Q

what is another name for a red blood cell

A

erythrocyte

33
Q

what is the primary function of red blood cells?

A

to transport oxygen from the lungs to the tissues and remove carbon dioxide from the body

34
Q

Hemoglobin

A

what makes red blood cells able to function and transport oxygen

35
Q

what makes hemoglobin red

A

iron is imbedded in the heme molecule

36
Q

what are 2 other components of blood (other than red blood cells)?

A

white blood cells and clear fluid plasma

37
Q

red blood cells make up about 45% of blood and this volume is called ______

A

hematocrit

38
Q

new red blood cells or reticulocytes are produced where?

A

in the bone marrow

39
Q

erythropoietin (EPO)

A

a circulating hormone that is the principal factor that stimulates red blood cell formation

40
Q

EPO is secreted in response to what?

A

in response to low oxygen levels (as when one goes to high altitude) and also in response to exercise, thus increasing the percentage of new red blood cells in the body

41
Q

do new, or old red blood cells contain more hemoglobin and thus carry greater amounts of oxygen?

A

new contain more hemoglobin and thus carry greater amount of oxygen

42
Q

what has an effect on EPO production which in turn generates a high production of red blood cells?

A

High altitude

43
Q

O2 Uptake

A

the amount of oxygen that is consumed by the body due to aerobic metabolism

44
Q

What happens to O2 uptake in relation to the amount of energy that is required to perform an activity

45
Q

(VO2)

A

the measure of the volume of oxygen that is consumed in a given amount of time (usually a minute) per Kg of body weight (ml/kg/min)

46
Q

(VO2 Max)

A

a measure used to evaluate the maximal volume of oxygen that can be supplied to and consumed by the body

47
Q

what is the primary role of the respiratory system?

A

1) deliver oxygenated air to the blood

2) remove carbon dioxide from blood, a by-product of metabolism

48
Q

what 3 things does the respiratory system include?

A

1) the lungs
2) several passageways leading from outside to the lungs
3) muscles that move air into and out of the lungs

49
Q

what are the 3 meanings for the term respiration?

A

1) ventilation (breathing)
2) gas exchange (occurs between the air and blood in the lungs and between the blood and other tissues of the body)
3) oxygen utilization by the tissues for cellular respiration

50
Q

where are the lungs located?

A

within the thoracic cavity/chest

51
Q

are the lungs symmetrical or asymmetrical?

A

asymmetrical. the right lung is larger than the left lung because the heart takes up more space on the left side

52
Q

what 2 functional zones are the air passages of the respiratory system divided into?

A

1) the conduction zone

2) the respiratory zone

53
Q

The conduction zone

A

the set of anatomical structures in which air passes before reaching the respiratory zone

54
Q

what 2 places does air enter through? what happens once air enters?

A

the nose and the mouth. air is then filtered, humidified, and adjusted to body temperature in the trachea

55
Q

trachea

56
Q

the trachea branches into the right and left ______

57
Q

the right and left bronchii enter the lung and continue to branch into smaller and smaller tubes called ________ and finally the terminal bronchioles

A

bronchioles

58
Q

the whole system looks similar to an upside-down tree that it is commonly called _______

A

respiration tree

59
Q

the respiration zone

A

region where gas exchange occurs

60
Q

alveoli

A

the functional units of the lungs - tiny air sacs

61
Q

alveoli are clustered in bunches like grapes, wit a common opening into an alveolar duct called an ___________

A

alveolar sac

62
Q

the muscles surrounding the thoracic cavity which result in size change include?

A

Diaphragm, external intercostal muscles (expiration) and internal intercostal muscles (inspiration)

63
Q

what happens when the diaphragm contracts

A

it allows blood to get into the lower extremities

64
Q

what effect does doing exercises that work where diaphragm goes down?

A

improves efficiency of the heart and lungs

65
Q

Cardiac Output

A

increase in heart size is one of the benefits that may arise as a result of endurance training

66
Q

what do a larger atria and ventricles allow for?

A

allow for a greater volume of blood to be pumped each time the heart beats

67
Q

what does the increased thickness of the walls of the heart (cardiac muscle) allow for?

A

allow for increased contractility (rate of contraction)

68
Q

atria

A

collecting chambers of the heart

69
Q

capillary supply

A

increased capillarization is another benefit that may arise as a result of endurance training

70
Q

increased capillarization allows for:

A

1) a greater surface area and reduced distance between the blood and the surrounding tissues
2) increasing diffusion capacity of oxygen and carbon dioxide
3) easing transport of nutrients to cells

71
Q

blood volume

A

increase in total blood volume along with the number and total volume of red blood cells

72
Q

how is the increase in total blood volume along with the number and total volume of red blood cells done?

A

through stimulation of erythropoiesis in the bone marrow

73
Q

erythropoiesis

A

formation of new red blood cells

74
Q

why does ventilation increase with exercise?

A

in order to meet the increased demand of gas exchange

75
Q

during exercise, ventilation can increase from 6L/minute at rest to over ___L/minute during maximal exercise and to more than 200L/minute during maximal voluntary breathing

A

150L/minute

76
Q

true or false: with exercise/endurance, the lungs become more inefficient in gas exchange

A

false: with exercise/endurance, the lungs become more efficient in gas exchange

77
Q

oxygen extraction

A

similar to ventilation in that the increased air flow allows for more gas exchange

78
Q

bohr effect

A

when increased body temperature promotes oxygen extraction

Intro kinesiology (19 decks)

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