Chapter 8 - Social Processes, Attitudes and Behaviours Flashcards
___ is the idea that individuals are more conscious of their actions and behaviours because of surrounding others; this is a one way relationship in contrast to ___.
Social action
Social interaction
An example of social action is ___, where individuals perform differently when in front of others. This was modeled by the __ which shows individuals perform ___ tasks better in front of an audience while performing ___ worse. As a result performance is impacted by ability, the environment, and awareness of the environment.
Social facilitation
Yerkes-Dodson law of social facilitation
Simple tasks
Complex tasks
___ is another example of groups impacting individual behaviour. In this case, individuals lose a sense of identity and generally leads to ___, where individuals act differently to their usual behaviour because of the security of anonymity in groups.
Deindividualization
Anti-normative behaviour
The ___ is another example of when groups impact individual behaviour. In this phenomenon, individuals are less likely to help victims. Generally, individuals are less likely to notice or perceive a threat. Intervention is also impacted by several factors including level of threat, relationship to the victim, competency of the individual, and whether the individual thinks the victim deserves their burden.
Bystander effect
___ is an example of social action, where individuals put in less effort when placed in a group setting than on their own.
Social loafing
___ is an example of social action where the group is made up of ___ or equals and they influence the individual. The influence may result in a change in behaviour, attitudes, and beliefs to conform to the social norm.
As a result of conforming, the individual feels an internal conflict. To allay the inner tension, an individual will shift their identity and adopt the groups’ norms as their own. This process is called ___. It is also an example of ___, where two opposing thoughts leads to an inner discomfort. To relieve the discomfort, an individual will change, add or minimize of the opposing thoughts.
Peer pressure
Peers
Identity shift effect
Cognitive dissonance
___ is a two-way relationship where individuals impact and shape each others behaviour in contrast to ___. This leads to group processes, like ___, and ____.
Social interaction
Social action
Group polarization Groupthink
Culture
___ occurs when groups result in a decision that is riskier or more cautious than their original tendencies. Extreme decisions are a result of more and more discussion. It can occur an individual level or with respect to the whole group, which is referred to as ___.
Group polarization
Choice shift
___ occurs when groups come to poor or incorrect decisions to prevent internal conflict. As a result decisions are adopted without alternative discussions, which over time, results in seeing their own ideas are correct without question. This mentality is also shown in riots, ___: behaviour that is popular and desirable because of a community perspective, and ___: intense fear shared about the threat to society.
Group think
Fad: viral videos, etc.
Mass hysteria: Salam witch trials, McCarthy
Groupthink is generally shown through the following:
___: optimism, and encouraging risk
___: ignoring warnings
___: believing decisions are morally correct
___: stereotypes of outside opinions
___: peer pressure on opposing opinions; viewed as disloyal
___: members withholding views
___: false belief in complete agreement
___: appointing individuals to protect group from opposing views
Illusion invulnerability Collective rationalization Illusion of morality Excessive stereotyping Pressure for conformity Self-censorship Illusion of unanimity Mindguards
Through social interaction, common behaviours, beliefs, actions, and characteristics are developed in a society. This is referred to as a group’s ___. It is learned through observation and then adoption. When one’s ___ is vastly different from another groups, the differences are quite jarring and commonly called ___.
Culture
Culture
Culture shock
___ occurs when different cultures form together to merge into one. Usually, one culture has more of an influence is therefore more displayed. The degree to which this occurs is dependent on socioeconomic status, geographical distribution, language adoption, and intermarriage. In cases where small pockets of a culture an formed in one geographical regions–___–the process is slowed down.
Assimilation
Ethnic enclaves
___ is the celebration, encouragement, and respect of different cultures to promote diversity and acceptance. It is generally considered a mosaic approach to cultures rather than a melting pot approach in ___.
Multiculturalism
Assimilation
___ are sub categories of groups that create a culture that is different from the primary culture due to gender, race, etc. and may be a case of __, where the norms deliberately go against the primary group’s cultural norms.
Subcultures
Counterculture
___ is the process of developing and spreading customs, norms, and beliefs specific to a group or society in general. The way these customs, norms, and beliefs are taught to new or existing members is through ___, and the way new ones disperse through the group is through ___. The individuals and organizations that are responsible for the processes are called agents and include: school, family, peer, religion, government, media, word, clubs, and ethnic groups.
Socialization
Cultural learning or cultural transmissions
Cultural diffusion
