Chapter 6 - Identity and Personality Flashcards
___ is how we see ourselves currently, in the past, and in the future. It is made up of ___-___: labels that carry with them certain qualities.
Self-concept
Self-schema
In contrast to self concept, ___ is how we see ourselves with respect to specific groups. Therefore, it is it parts of our self-concept with respect to groups.
Identity
Identity is impacted greatly by the groups. Specific types of identity include: gender, ethnic, and national identity, and so on. These identities present themselves according to a ___ of ___, where we rank our identities based on the work, value, and etc. we put into them.
Hierarchy of Salience
___ ___ is a type of identity with respect to the scales of masculinity and femininity. It is not necessarily tied to biological sex. People may be simultaneously high on both extremes called ___ or low on both scales called ___. The theory of ___ ___ believes that this type of identity is often expressed through cultural and societal means.
Gender identity
Androgyny
Undifferentiated
Theory of gender schema
Other types of identity include national and ethnic. ___ ___ is closely tied with common ancestry, cultural heritage, and language. It is usually an identity born into. In contrast, ___ is closely linked with political borders and influenced by cuisine, shared history, media, and symbols.
Ethnic identity
National identity
___ ___ plays a key role in our self worth. ___ ___ ___ believes each person has the following:
1) ___ ___: current view of ourselves
2) ___ ___: who we would like to be
3) ___ ___: others think we should we
If all of these three components of our identity are close, we tend to have a higher ___ ___.
Self-concept Self discrimination theory 1) Actual self 2) Ideal self 3) Ought self Self-esteem
Self-esteem is different from ___ ___: our belief that we would succeed, which varies greatly from person to person and from situation to situation. There are also two extremes of this condition. Excessive amounts can lead to ___ and none can lead to ___ ___.
Self-efficacy
Over confidence
Learned helplessness
Finally, ___ of ___ is another concept linked with self concept and refers to how much control we have in our lives. A person with an ___ ___ of ___ will believe that they are responsible for actions while a person with an ___ ___ of ___ will blame the outside world.
Locus of control
Internal locus of control
External locus of control
Identities and self-concept are formed throughout life. There are different theories on identity development including:
1) ___: phsychosexual
2) ___: psychosocial
3) ___: cultural and biosocial
4) ___: moral
1) Freud
2) Erikson
3) Vygotsky
4) Kohlberg
___ believed in psychosexual development that resulted from an internal tension called ___. Development occurred in a series of ___ stages with each one specific to an erogenous zone:
___. If development did not occur successfully, it lead to ___, eventually resulting into ____: a mental disorder that would carry into adulthood. If successful, resulted in healthy heterosexual relationships.
Freud Libido Five 1) Oral 2) Anal 3) Phallic 4) Latency 5) Genital Fixation Neurosis
Freud’s first stage of development is ___. It runs from ages ___. Libidinal energy is centred on the mouth through sucking, biting, etc. Fixation can result in ___.
Oral
0-1
Excessive dependency
Freud’s second stage of development is ___. Libidinal energy is centred around the anus and is relieved through waste excrement or holding. Fixation results in ___.
Anal (1-3)
Anal-retentiveness or sloppiness
Freud’s third stage of development is ___. During this stage, the ___ or ____ conflicts of children resenting their same sex parents for their opposite sex parent’s affection is resolved.
Phallic (3-5)
Electra
Oepidal
Once the electra or oepidal conflicts are resolved, the children ___ their libidinal energy until puberty. This stage is called ___.
Sublimate
Latency
The final stage of Freud’s development is ___. This stage centres on individuals developing healthy heterosexual relationships and is contingent on other stages being successfully completed. Abnormal development results in homosexuality, fetishism, or asexuality.
Gential (puberty - adulthood)
___ phsychosocial development theory was based on solving ___ conflicts between ___ and ___. Each conflict resolved ending with an individual forming a sense of identity by answering an existential question. Stages did not have to be successfully completed to enter the next one. If failed, the individual would have less skills to carry forward into the next stage.
Erikson
8
Individual needs and societal demands
Erikson’s first stage of development lasted from ___ and centred around the ___ v. ___ conflict. If successful, the child would answer the question: “Can I trust myself?”
0-1
Trust v. mistrust
Erikson’s second stage of development lasted from ___ and centred on the ___ v. ___ conflict. If successful, one could answer “Is it okay to be me?”
1-3
Autonomy v. shame and doubt
Erikson’s third stage of development lasted from ___ and centred on the ___ v. ___ conflict. If successful, one could answer “Is it okay for me to do, move, and act?”
3-6
Initiative v. guilt
Erikson’s fourth stage of development lasted from ___ and centred on the ___ v. ___ conflict. If successful, one could answer “Can I make it in the world?”
6-12
Industry v. inferiority
