Chapter 12 - Social Stratification Flashcards
Social stratification looks at how society categorizes people into a ___ or group based on their ___. The later is based on both ascribed and achieved status. ___ status is one that is involuntarily chosen and includes race, ethnicity, gender, skin colour. ___ status is something that one earns through voluntary hard work and merit.
Social class
Socioeconomic status
Ascribed status
Achieved status
Social classes can be broken into upper, lower, and middle, with the last being further divided into upper, lower, and middle again. With each class comes power, and prestige or a lack of. \_\_\_ refers to the respect and positive regard others show towards people or ideas. \_\_\_ refers to the ability to gain limited resources and thereby affect other's behaviour to maintain social order, economy, and potentially exploit people by creating social inequalities. \_\_\_, like the conflict theory, looks at power differentials. However, Marx believed the people with power/the \_\_\_ would be overthrown by the \_\_\_/people who have very little because of \_\_\_/the collective goals of the working class. However, Marx did not account of \_\_\_, where the working class had a misconception about their class and standards.
Prestige Power Marxist theory Bourgeoisie Proletariat Class consciousness False consciousness
___ conditions are where bonds between society and individuals are broken. As a result, individuals resort to deviance (___) and invest less ___–investments made to society in return for economic or collective rewards. Generally, these investments are made through networks, which are situational (SES) or positional (location and access to ties) based with strong (peer groups, kinship) and weak (superficial) ties. Less investments result in less social cohesion and in return, greater inequality. For example, individuals will result in multiple weak links as there are less networks to access and contribute to, making them more disadvantaged.
Anemic
Strain theory
Social capital
The ___ breaks down ethnicities into Black, White, Native America, Asian, and Latino. Ethnic and racial minorities suffer from social inequalities as a result of ___: where disadvantages are compounded together because of individuals belonging to multiple oppressed groups, and a combination of social policies and demographic characteristics restricting social mobility.
Five ethnicities model
Intersectionality
___ refers to moving from on social class to other, which can be done within a person’s lifetime (___) or between a parent and their children (___). Generally, the movement is based on merit or ___: intellectual talent and achievement. However, this can result in ___: ruling by the upper classes or it be much more difficult to achieve than it seems. Additionally, the movement can be vertical: upward (higher), negative (lower) or horizontal (same class but change in lifestyle and occupation).
Social mobility Intragenerational mobility Intergenerational mobility Meritocracy Plutocracy
___ refers to a low SES and limited access to resources. It can be divided into absolute and relative. ___ is when one doesn’t have enough money or resources to access basic necessities. ___ is when one is considered poor with respect to a certain population. The official ___ is calculated based on minimum income needed for basics, but without accounting for geographic variability.
Theories explaining the condition vary. ___ believes the condition is the result of people passing down or reproducing poverty from one generation to the next. While ___ believes the condition is a result of the holes in society’s structure rather than the individual’s action.
Overall, this may result in ___: a feeling of powerlessness, segregation and isolation from the rest of society.
Poverty Absolute Relative Poverty line Social reproduction Structural poverty Social exclusion
___ looks at the role geography plays in social inequality as social processes and demographics vary across regions. This inequality occurs at different levels, including residential, environmental, and global.
Spatial inequality
Residential segregation is a form of spatial inequality that looks at disparity among urban and rural areas as well as individual neighbourhoods. Urban areas generally have more career and social mobility opportunities than rural areas. Poor neighbourhoods within urban areas have poor schools, greater poverty, high unemployment rates, are less safe, and have less representation. As a result of such communities, middle class people tend to move to the suburbs aka ___ and can potentially lead to ___: where one part of the city deteriorates. In contrast, middle and upper classes can also displace low SES people and renovate broken neighbourhoods through ___.
Sub-urbanization
Urban decay
Gentrification
Environmental ___ results in hazardous plants being build in areas of low-income areas, where ethnic and racial minorities live. As a result, there is a higher risk of illness and disease.
Spatial inequality
Global spatial inequality looks at the differences among countries. The ___ divides countries in ___: high pay and skills, ___: low pay and skills, generally exploited, and ___: working towards a better status while having traits from the older one. With globalization, the social inequalities of space, food, water, energy, housing, and education have increased. As a result, there is also limited access to health care in certain regions resulting in higher rates of mortality and morbidity.
World system theory
Core nations
Peripheral nations
Semi-peripheral nations
___: number of new cases per population at risk at a given time period = new cases / population at risk (DOES NOT INCLUDE PEOPLE WHO ALREADY HAVE THE DISEASE BUT PEOPLE WHO COULD) / time
___: number of total cases per total population at a given time period = total cases / total population / time
Incidence
Prevalence
___ refers to the proportion of sickness for a given disease in a population while ___ looks at the death caused by the disease.
Morbidity
Mortality
Populations may suffer from poor health as a result of geography, and socioeconomic inequalities, which is referred to as ___.
Racial and ethnic minorities in general have higher infant mortality rates, disease rates, suicide rates, and lower life expectancies. Of the minorities, Asian and Pacific Islanders have the best health profiles while African Americas have the worst. Latinos, White, and Native Americans are mixed.
Other disparities can be seen in gender. Females have better health profiles than males. Males have higher mortality rates but females have higher morbidity rates (less life threatening diseases). Reasons for this are biological and social (men are higher risk takers, less likely to get and listen to help because of hypermasculinity, and have dangerous employment).
Waitzkin’s second sickness
There are also inequalities in health care. Ethnic and racial minorities, like Hispanics, African Americans, Asians, and Native Americans receive worse health care. Obese and LGBT patients also receive worse healthcare due to prejudice and discrimination. Medicare and Medicaid provide healthcare to some under served populations. ___ provides healthcare to individuals over 65, who suffer from ALS and end stage renal disease. ___ provides healthcare to those with severe financial need.
Women also use and access health care more than men.
Medicare
Medicaid
