Chapter 11 - Social Structure and Demographics Flashcards
___ is the study of society. It can be studied on a large scale, which includes large social groups and institutions in ___ or a smaller scale which includes the individual and small groups in ___.
Sociology
Macrosociology
Microsociology
To explain interactions within a ___ or the distinct, stable organizations within a society that is made up of groups interacting through characteristic relationships, sociologists have different theories, including:
___: each individual or part of society has a ___ that provides positive benefits from their actions to keep society in equilibrium or harmony; a ___ refers to the negative benefits from a group or individual’s actions and deviating from norms
___: society functions as a result of ___ differentials, which results in a group having influence over people’s actions, ability to achieve goals, and access to political, economical, and social resources
___: society functions as result of people communicating through ___-things people attach meanings to, like words and gestures which reflect how people think and communicate-which varies by culture
___: individual function by making choices based on a mental pros (potential rewards) and cons (potential punishments) list and choose a course with max benefit, which goes against altruism
___: an individual will choose an action based on rewards (approval from a group) and punishment (disapproval from a group)–above applied to social interactions
___: society functions by making collective decisions about social reality, like money
___: society functions based on social inequalities in gender, including differences in gender roles (expected behaviour), sexuality (expectations and objectification), financial opportunity, and social mobility (hitting a glass-ceiling)
Social structure Functionalism of functional analysis; function; dysfunction Conflict theory Symbolic interactionism Rational choice theory Exchange theory Social constructionism Feminist theory
There are different types of functions, including ___ and ___. The first type has intentions to help. The second type provides benefits but without intention are usually unstated or unrecognized.
Manifest
Latent
___ are long-lasting social structures that are part of culture. Through them, behaviour or relationships are dictated to regulate individuals. Examples include: family, education, religion, government, economy, and health care.
Institutions
Family: teaches acceptable behaviour, socialization, and bonding through different structures. Structures vary based on cultures and are reflected in patterns of kinship. Family may be a source of domestic, elder, or child abuse (neglect, physical, verbal, sexual, emotional abuse) and ___ are legally required to report the later two.
Mandated reporter
Education: teaches society through an academic curriculum (information, cognitive skills) and a ___ ( social norms, beliefs, and attitudes). The institution also has flows in the form of ___–a self-fulfilling prophecy of students performing as well as their teachers believe they can–and inequalities with socioeconomic status which can further lead to healthcare disparities.
Hidden curriculum
Teacher-expectancy
Religion: resocializes its members with beliefs and practices to help them find meaning in life. It can be a specific ___–a universal umbrella group, a ___–a small subsection of the umbrella, or a ___–a group broken off from the parent organization. Based on ones ties to their religion, they have different levels of ___. As a result, the individual may modernize the relation, ___ /move towards science and rational thinking, or move towards ___/strictly adhere to the religious code.
Church (Islam, Judaism, Christianity) Denomination Sect--> Cult (in extreme cases) Religiosity Secularize Fundamentalism
Government: a social institution that is responsible for rule making, representation, and rights and privileges to maintain social order. The government has an institutional influence that is bidirectional with all other institutions. It is classified as a ___ if every citizen votes and elects representatives; a ___ if a royal is ruling the country though their powers are limited by parliament and a constitution; a ___ if one person holds all the political power; a ___ if religious leaders hold the political power. The institution usually has a ___ or a leader with a compelling personality.
Democracy Monarchy Dictatorship Theocracy Charismatic Authority
Economy: a social institution responsible for division of labour and production of goods and services, is closely related to government and is also has bidirectional institutional influence, and is organized based on the level of government intervention. A ___ economy is based on laissez faire, free trade, power in consumerism, little intervention as possible, and ___ where a large task is divided into small, specialized ones to promote efficiency. A ___ economy is based on a collective, shared businesses where the profits are equally distributed.
Capitalism
Division of labour
Socialist
Healthcare and medicine: a social institution aimed at maintaining or improving people’s health. Recent changes include increased access, lower cost, increased public outreach, a focus on prevention, and a ____ (comprehensive patient view) via a primary case physician.
Additionally, the patient role has shifted from a ___ (not responsible and exempt from social norms to seek help) to taking more ownership through diet, exercise, and overall prevention.
The doctor role has shifted from a paternalistic (doctor knows best) attitude and to more understanding of patients and their diseases with previous conditions now considered normal and new ones being medicalized.
Life course approach to health
Sick role
Despite the changes in medicine, the four key tenets of medical ethics are:
___: do no harm (benefit > potential harm)
___: act in patient’s best interests
___: respect patients’ choices and decisions
___: similar patients = similar care
Nonmaleficience
Beneficence
Respect for patient autonomy
Justice
Ethnography: the study of ___ or a group’s lifestyle through ethnographic methods. Generally, this lifestyle encompasses a group’s unique political, economic, religious, and national views.
Ethnographic methods may look at the subcategories: ___ and ___. The first focuses on ___ or items that the group makes, possess, and values. Of which, the most important is language which includes spoken, written, or signed symbols that help communicate. The later category focuses on the ideas that represent the group and are usually found in the tangible, former category.
A ___ occurs when the ideas or ___ is slower to change than the objects in ___.
Culture
Material
Symbolic/Nonmaterial
Artifacts (usually during seen during rituals)
Cultural lag; symbolic culture; material culture
An important aspect of symbolic culture includes the values, beliefs, norms, and rituals that a group has. These vary among cultures.
___: what a group finds important and dictates ethical principles and behaviours
___: what a group finds to be the truth
___: expectations on acceptable behaviour
___: ceremonies with specific schedules, material artifacts, symbolism, and norms
Values
Beliefs
Norms
Rituals
Culture influences and is influenced by evolution. For example, culture provides evolutionary ___ benefits by passing down information, creating sense of loyalty and allegiance, holding values in altruism, and so on. Moreover, some genetic traits may have started as a genetic mutation but now provide advantages and are ingrained in some people’s culture.
Fitness
___ are statistics of a population that categorize people based on age, gender, ethnicity, sexual orientation, and immigration status.
Demographics
