Chapter 5 - Motivation, Emotion, and Stress Flashcards
___ is the reason behind actions. It can be organized into two categories based on internal or external forces: extrinsic ___ and intrinsic ___. The former results into external, tangible rewards or punishment while the later comes from oneself.
Motivation
There are different theories for motivation, based on natural inclinations (___ ___), the need to stay alert and awake (___ ___), the need to avoid negative states (___ ___ ___), and based on physiological and psychological needs (__ __ __)
Instinct theory
Arousal theory
Drive-reduction theory
Needs based theory
___ ___ is a belief that motivation stems from innate behaviours called ___. These ___ then evolved and developed into behaviours.
Instinct theory
Instincts
___ ___ believes that motivation stems from wanting to maintain optimum ___: a state in which one is awake and responsive to stimuli. The ___-___ law proposes a bell-shaped curve between performance and ___. It also believes that ___ levels of arousal are peak for highly cognitive tasks while ___ levels are peak for physical stamina and endurance.
Arousal theory Arousal Yerkes-Dodson Low High
___ are a type of ___ motivation in which one wants to alleviate themselves of a tension feeling from an unmet need. This type of motivation is further divided into ___ and ___ drives, where the former focuses on essentials and the latter on non-biological, emotional or “learned” desires.
Drives
Intrinsic
Primary: food, water, warmth –> sustain bodily functions
Secondary: desire for emotions, or anything non-biological
Drives are the backbone of the ___-___ theory, which states that people are motivated to alleviate tension and return to ___: a state of internal, optimal conditions which is usually achieved through ___ ___ loops.
Drive-reduction
Homeostasis
Negative feedback
The ___ ___ theory believes that we act based on our needs. Specifically, the needs could be organized based on importance and effort warranted referred to as shown in ___ ___ of ___.
Needs-based theory
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs is divided into ___ groups in descending order of importance:
1) ___: breathing, food, water, homeostasis, sex, sleep
2) ___: security of body, family, resources, etc.
3) ___: friendship family, sexual intimacy
4) ___: self confidence, respect of others, achievement
5) ___: creativity, morality, problem solving, fact acceptance
5
1) biological
2) safety
3) love
4) esteem
5) self-actualization
___ ___ ___ (SDT) is needs-based theory that believes that the three basic needs below are necessary to find oneself before creating relationships with others.
1) ____
2) ____
3) ____
self-determination theory
autonomy, competence, and relatedness
___ ___ believes that the need to avoid punishment and gain reward is the motivation behind behaviour. ___-___ theory is another theory that believes that the behaviour is defined both by how much an individual values the goal and the likelihood of reaching that goal.
Incentive theory
Expectancy-value theory
___ - ___ theory is a motivation theory that explains drug-abuse behaviour. It believes that as a substance is taken in, the body will counteract the effects by changing physiology. As a result, the withdrawal symptoms are opposite to the substance’s symptoms. Over time, the body develops ___ to the drugs because of the underlying physiological changes.
Opponent-Process theory
Tolerance
___ motivation is impacted greatly by hormones, smell, cognition, and culture and society on norms.
Sexual
___ are a type of mental “mood” that is impacted by surroundings and people. Each one has three parts:
1) ___: autonomic nervous system changes like heart rate, blood pressure, skin temperature, breathing rate, etc.
2) ___: how one acts with response to body language, including facial expressions
3) ___: personal interpretation of the feeling based on past experiences and perceptive cause
Emotions
1) physiological
2) behavioural
3) cognitive
The ___ aspect of emotions includes facial expressions. It is believed that there are seven universal types resulting from evolution:
1) ___: smile
2) ___: frown
3) ___: corner of mouth pulled up
4) ___: eyes wide, lips towards ears
5) ___: nose wrinkling, raised upper lip
6) ___: eyebrows furrowed
7) ___: eyes wide, jaw open
behavioural happiness sadness contempt fear disgust anger surprise
There are many theories surrounding emotions including ___, which believes emotions are an evolutionary response on how to behave physiologically, behaviorally, and cognitively.
Darwin’s
Other theories on emotions include the ___-___ theory which follows in the order of a stimulus, which causes a primary physiological arousal, which is then secondarily labelled cognitively as an emotional, and results in a behavioural action.
This theory was proven false in patients with spinal injuries.
James-Lange
The ___- ___ theory of emotion believes that after a stimulus occurs, the individual primarily responses in a simultaneous physiological response and cognitive response and then followed by a behavioural act.
This theory fails to explain the vagus nerve, a connection between the peripheral organs and the central nervous system–if the process was simultaneous there should be no dependence between the two.
Cannon-Bard
The ___-___ theory of emotion or ___ ___ ___ or ___ ___ ___ believes that after a stimulus occurs, the emotion must be cognitively labelled and then secondarily verified by the surrounding environment.
Schachter-Singer theory
Cognitive arousal theory
Two-factor theory
The limbic system is made up of the ___, ___, ___, ___, ___, ___ ___, and parts of the ___ ___. The system is responsible for both motivation and emotion.
Amygdala Hypothalmus Thalmus Fornix Septal Nuclei Cerebral Cortex
The ___ is responsible for using the external environment, including facial expressions, to produce emotions, particularly fear. It is also responsible for storing ___ ___: the feelings experiences during an event.
Amygdala
Emotional memory/implicit memory
The ___ is the sensory relay station that proceeds to send information to respective areas of the cerebral cortex.
Thalmus
The ___ is responsible for homeostasis, releasing neurotransmitters and hormones, and dictating emotional states.
Hypothalmus
The ___ is largely associated with long-term memory and is located in the medial temporal lobe. However, it also works together with the ___ and ___ to produce emotions. It also stores ___ ___ or the memory about what happened during an emotional event.
Hippocampus
Amygdalal
Hypothalmus
Explicit memory
Other parts of the brain are also responsible for emotions, including the following:
1) ___ ___: responsible for decision making, personality, and complicated cognitive functioning, and arousal along with positive emotions in the ___ and negative emotions in the ___
2) ___ ___ ___: responsible for connecting with the amygdala and producing emotions
3) ___ ___ ___: responsible for the physiological changes associated with emotions including changes in heart rate, blood pressure, variability in the two, etc.
Prefrontal cortex
Left
Right
Ventromedial prefrontal cortex
Autonomic nervous system
