Chapter 2 - Sensation And Perception Flashcards
___ aligns with ___: the process of converting stimuli into action potentials and neurotransmitters. It is done by ___.
Sensation; transduction; receptors
___ is the process of making sense of the all the stimuli. It involves the central nervous system, which is made up of the ___ and ___.
Perception; brain and spinal cord
___ are neurons that respond to ___ and convert it into electrical signals. This process is called ___.
Stimuli can be split into ___ and ___. The former type interacts directly with receptors and lets us know of the other kind.
___ is the study of stimuli and their effect on sensation and perceptions.
Sensory receptors; stimuli
Transduction
Proximal; distal
Psychophysics
___ ___ stimuli. The signal then goes to ___, which are a collection of neuron cells bodies outside of the ___. From there, the signal goes to ___ areas in the brain
Sensory receptors; transduce
Ganglia
Central nervous system
Projection
There are several types of sensory ___:
___: respond to the visible portion of the electromagnetic spectrum; sight
___: respond to fluid movement in the inner ear; detect ___ as well as ___ and ___ acceleration
___: respond to noxious sensations and pain; somatosensation
___: respond to changes in physiological zero; thermosensation
___: respond to osmolarity or concentration of blood; water homeostasis. Signals are then sent to the ___ hypothalamus.
___: respond to volatile chemical compounds; smell
___: respond to dissolved chemical compounds; taste
Receptors
Photoreceptors
Hair cells; sound; linear and rotational
Nociceptors
Thermoreceptors
Osmoreceptors
Olfactory receptors
Taste receptors
There are three types of thresholds:
___ ___: the minimum stimuli necessary for receptors to send an action potential through transduction.
___ of ___ ___: stimuli that are long enough and large enough to reach high order brain regions. ___ perception refers to stimuli that is below this threshold, meaning it does ___ but just does not reach the brain. It is tested in ___ testing aka psychophysical ___ ___.
___ ___ ___ or ___ ___: minimum difference in magnitude between two stimuli that can be perceived as different.
___ ___ quantifies ___ ___ by stating that it is proportional to the magnitude of the original stimulus
Absolute threshold
Threshold of conscious perception; Subliminal; Transduce; Discrimination Testing
Just noticeable difference; difference threshold
Weber’s law; difference threshold
___ is the belief that factors like memories, expectations, and etcetera can affect our perception of stimuli. Meaning, the same stimuli can cause different effects depending on the context.
This belief also explains ___, which is when subjects respond to stimuli in a certain way because of non-sensory factors. Trials can include a signal, called ___ trails or not include signals, called ___ trials.
If a subject identifies a present response it is referred to as a ___.
If a subject identifies a non-existent response it is called ___.
If a subject does not identify a present response it is called a ___.
If a subject identifies that there was no response it is called a ___.
Signal detection theory
Response bias; catch trails; noise trails
Hit
False alarm
Miss
Correct negative
___ is the process of increasing our ___ threshold in order to focus on more important, new stimuli.
Adaptation; difference
The eye is composed of many parts, which help it detect light in the form of photons.
The ___ is the thick structural layer that surrounds that protects the eye and is aka the white of the eye.
The ___ is located below the scalara and it provides nutrients and to the eye through the ___ vessels.
The ___ is the innermost layer of the eye and it contains ___, which transduce photons into electrical signals.
Sclera
Choroid; choroidal
Retina; photoreceptors
Light follows a specific pathway into the eye.
Light enters through the ___, a clear window that gathers and focuses the incoming rays.
Cornea
After leaving the cornea, light enters the ___, which is controlled by the ___ through two muscles: ___ ___ and ___ ___. The former constricts under ___ stimulation while the other dilates under ___ stimulation of the ___ nervous system. Moreover, the ___ divides the eye into ___ and ___ chambers.
Pupil; Iris
Constrictor pupillae; Dilator pupillae
Parasympathetic; Sympathetic; Autonomic division of the Peripheral
Nervous System
Anterior; Posterior
The ciliary ___ is continuous with the ___. It produces ___ humour which is then drained though the ___ of ___.
Body; Choroid
Aqueous; Canal of Schlemm
After passing through the pupil, light refracts because of the ___. It is then projected onto the retina. Refraction is done by ___ muscles pulling on the ___ ligaments to change the shape of the ___. This process is referred to as ___.
The ___ is a clear gel that fills up the eye to keep its shape.
Lens
Ciliary; suspensory; lens
Accommodation
Vitreous humour
The ___ is located at the back of the eye and contains ___, which transduce photons into action potentials. The ___ or ___ states there are two kinds of photoreceptors: ___ and ___.
Retina; photoreceptors
Duplexity; duplicity
Rods; cones
___ are photoreceptors used for colour vision and fine details. There are ___ types, which are responsible for different wavelengths. ___ for blue, ___ for green, ___ for red.
___ are photoreceptors that differentiate between light and dark. They contain ___ which enables night vision but not for acute detail.
Cones
Short, medium, long
Rods; rhodopsin
The centre point of the retina is called the ___, where there is a high concentration of ___ photoreceptors. Within the centre of this region is the ___, where there are only ____ photoreceptors. As one goes away from these regions, the concentration of ___ increases. As a result, this is the most sensitive part of the eye during daylight. The ___ is a blind spot and has zero photoreceptors.
Macula Cone Fovea centralis Cone Rods Optic disk: where the optic nerve exits the eye
Rods and cone photoreceptors transduce light into electrical signals. These signals are then forwarded to ___, which gain help from the ___ to highlight the gradients or differences among adjacent photoreceptors. From there, the signal is passed to ___, which also receive help from ___. The helper cells are important for contrast, edge detection, and accentuating differences.
Altogether, there is a reduction in sensitivity as there are a few cones (high sensitivity and detail) and many rods (low sensitivity) converging to each receiving cell. From there, the ___ converge into optic fibers that later form the optic nerve. The optic nerve then exits through the optic disk to go to the occipital lobe.
Bipolar cells; horizontal cells
Ganglion cells; amacrine cells
Ganglion cells
The ___ refers to the flow of visual information and the structures it must go through.
Each eye has two visual fields: left and right. These visual fields project onto the respective opposite part of the retina. For example, the right visual field from each eye projects onto the left part of the retina and vice versa.
The optic nerve then leaves the retina regions through the optic disk. Each eye’s optic nerve is made up of a temporal (closer to the ears) and nasal (closer to the nose) region. Once the optic nerve reaches the ___, the optic nerve from the nasal regions/carrying the temporal field vision cross paths. In contrast, the optic nerves from the temporal regions/carrying the nasal visual field do not cross paths. Once crossed, these nerves are referred to as the ___.
At the end of the crossing, the left visual field from both eyes is projected onto the right side of the brain and the right visual field is projected onto the left side of the brain.
The optic tracts then go to the ___ of the thalamus, where information is passed on the ___ for startle reflexes or passed through the temporal and parietal lobes to get to the ___ of the occipital lobe.
Visual pathway Optic chiasm Optic tract Lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) of the thalamus Superior colliculus Visual cortex
Damage to one eye’s optic nerve = complete vision loss in one eye
Damage to the optic chiasm = loss of vision in temporal (outer) fields of both eyes
Damage to one optic tract = loss of vision in the opposite (left/right) visual field
The brain determines objects by using ___, where it looks at the colour, shape, and motion of an object in conjunction with past memory. The brain takes in all of the visual information simultaneously through ___ and specialized cells:
Colour is detected by ___.
The shape and boundaries of an object is detected by ___, which have very high ___ resolution (fine details of stationary and slow moving objects) and low ___ resolution.
Motion is detected by ___, which have high ___ but low ___.
Feature detection theory
Parallel processing
Cones
Parvocellular cells; high spatial resolution; low temporal resolution
Magnocellular cells; high temporal resolution; low spatial resolution
The ear is responsible for hearing and ___: linear and rotational acceleration. It is made up of the outer, middle, and inner parts.
Sound travels through longitudinal waves. The in phase waves’ frequency determines the rate of parallel vibrations in the ear and amplitude reflects the intensity or loudness of sounds.
Vestibular sense
The outer ear is made up of the pinna/auricle, external auditory cnal, and the tympanic membrae. The ___ channels sounds waves into the ___. From there, waves travel towards the ___, which vibrates in phase with the incoming waves. As a result, its vibrations match the waves’ frequency.
Pinna/auricle
External auditory canal
The ___ separates the outer and middle ear. The middle ear is made up of the ossicles and connects to the nasal cavity through ___ to equalize pressure.
The sound waves travel through and are amplified by these tiny, dense bones. Vibrations continue from the ___ to the ___, which is connected to the base plate. The ___ then acts on the ___ and in return it acts on the ___.
Tympanic membrane/eardrum Eustachian tube Tympanic membrane ---> Malleus/hammer Malleus --> Incus/anvil Incus --> Stapes/strirrup
The inner ear includes the cochlea, vestibule, and semicircular canals, which make up the ___. These structures are filled up with ___. Inside of this fluid is the ___, which is filled with ___.
The cochlea is additionally made up of three sacculae. The top and bottom are filled with perilymph and are continuous with the round and oval windows. Meanwhile, the middle saccule is filled with endolymph.
The vestibule is made up of the ___ and ___, which detect linear acceleration through modified hair cells with ___.
The semicircular canals each end with an ampulla and detect rotational acceleration through hair cells.
Bony labyrinth
Perilymph (perimeter of the membranous labyrinth)
Membranous labyrinth
Endolymph
Sound vibrations travel from the stapes/stirrup to the oval window of the Cochlea. From there, vibrations are carried through the perilymph to the basilar membrane, which is the base for the ___: the hearing apparatus, while the tectorial membrane is the top. The round window of the cochlea allows for the perilymph to move back and forth to activate the ___ or receptors in the hearing apparatus. These receptors are bathed in endolymph and transduce the signal so it can be carried by the ___ to the ___ of the thalamus. From there it goes to the ___ in the temporal lobe. Other signals go to the ___ for sound localization and the ___ for startle reflexes.
Organ of Corti Hair cells Vestibulocochlear/auditory nerve Medial geniculate necleus (MGN) Auditory cortex
MGN for music; LGN for light
