Chapter 7 - Psychological Disorders Flashcards
___ ___ are changes in behaviours, thoughts, and feelings which result in distress and functional impairment. Common ones include depression, anxiety, and substance abuse.
Psychological disorders
Biomedical approach
The ___ approach to classifying psychological disorders believes in biomedical cause and therefore a biomedical treatment. Whereas the ___ approach relies on accounting for the biological, social, and psychological factors both in diagnosis and in treatment. As a result, these treatments include both ___ (directed at the patient) and ___ (directed at increasing social support).
Biomedical
Biopsychosocial
Direct
Indirect
To diagnose patients with psychological disorders, the ___ is used, which lists a variety of symptoms for each condition.
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5)
___ is an epitome of psychotic disorder that includes both positive and negative symptoms. ___ symptoms add to the behaviour, thoughts, or feelings while ___ symptoms take away. For diagnostic purposes, a person must present with symptoms for at least six months where one month includes positive symptoms. Before the onset of active symptoms, schizophrenia has a ___ phase where one begins to display odd behaviour or withdrawal.
Schizophrenia
Positive: delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thoughts and behaviours.
Negative: avolition, and disturbance of affect
Predormal phase
___ are a ___ type of symptom in schizophrenia where the patient falsely believes in something in disagreement to their reality and surroundings. Examples include: ___, where the patient believes they are remarkable; ___, where the patient believes everything is directed at them; ___, where the patient believes they are the target or a victim; ___, where the patient believes all their thoughts are being displayed the outside world, and ___, where the patient believes thoughts are being placed into their mind.
Delusions Positive Delusions of grandeur Delusions of reference Delusions of persecution Thought broadcasting Thought insertion
___ are another ___ symptom of schizophrenia where the patient believes something is real but does not rely on any external stimuli from the outside world. Examples include auditory voices in or outside of the patients head.
Hallucinations
Positive
___ ___ is an example of a ___ symptom of schizophrenia where the patient shows ___: mixed and jumbled thoughts that are incomprehensible. Sometimes these thoughts are just random words and referred to as ___ ___, a symptom also common in ___ aphasia. If new words are made up, this is called ___.
Disorganized thought Positive Loosening of association Word salad Wernicke's (receptive) Neologisms
___ ___ is an example of a ___ symptom of schizophrenia, where the patient cannot perform day to day activities because of certain actions. Examples include:
___: rigid posture or useless and random movements
___: repeating others’ words
___: repeating others’ actions
Disorganized thought Positive Catatonia Echolalia Echopraxia
___ symptoms of schizophrenia include avolition and disturbance of affect.
___ refers to the show of emotions and affections. If disturbed, it can lead to: ___, where no emotions are shown; ___, where very little emotion or affection is displayed; or ___, where the emotions or affection displayed is the exact opposite to the context.
___ refers to a reduction in goal-oriented behaviour
Negative Affect Emotional flattening/flat affect Blunting Inappropriate affect Avolition
___ disorders include depressive and bipolar disorders. Depressive disorders have subcategories. A ___ is one where a ___ occurs, which lasts at least two weeks. It must include a symptom of either being in a depressed mood or a lack of interest in activities that usually bring the person joy–____, and four other symptoms from: ___.
A ___ is where one has ___: persistent depressive moods which do not qualify to be a major depressive order for at least two years.
A ___ is where one suffers from a ___ during winter months and is treated with ___.
Mood
Major depressive disorder
Major depressive episode
Anhedonia
Changes in sleep, excessive guild, lack of energy, difficulty in comprehension, appetite changes and therefore weight changes, psychomotor symptoms (feeling slowed down), and suicidal thoughts
Persistent depressive disorder, Dysthymia
Seasonal affective disorder (SAD), major depressive disorder, bright light therapy
___ is another type of mood disorder where the patients experience mania and possibly depression. Mania includes several symptoms including being persistently happy for at least 1 week and three of the following: ___. The condition may have a biological nature routed in hormone levels: low levels of ___ are associated with depression while excess levels are associated with mania under the ___.
Bipolar disorder
Easily distracted, insomnia, grandeur delusions, flight of thoughts, easily agitated, speech is pressured, and thoughtless behaviour
norepinephrine and serotonin
monoamine or catecholamine theory of depression
There are several subcategories of bipolar disorder.
___ includes mania with or without major depressive episodes.
___ includes ___: a condition where a person is optimistic and energetic but not to impairment stages and at least one major depressive episode
___ includes dysthymia and hypomania
Bipolar I disorder
Bipolar II disorder
cyclothymic disorder
Anxiety disorders is a class in DSM-5 include:
___: individual persistently and disproportionately worries about everything for at least six months and usually a physical symptoms
___: irrational fear caused by a specific object or situation
___: persistent fear about social interactions or performances
___: fear of being in places or situations where there is no visible exit or escape
___: condition with repeated ___: conditions of sympathetic overdrive including fear, trembling, sweating, and hyperventilation; and usually found with ___.
Generalized anxiety disorder Specific phobia Social anxiety disorder Agoraphobia Panic disorder; panic attacks; agoraphobia
Under the obsessive-compulsive disorder class, there are the following disorders:
___ where an individual develops persistent and intrusive thoughts and impulses called ___ which create tension; then, as a result, develops ___ which allays the tension through repetitive tasks.
___ a condition where one has unrealistic negative views of their appearance or a specific body part
obsessive-compulsive disorder
obsessions
compulsions
body dysmorphic disorder
Under stress and trauma class, the most common is post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), which is the result of experiencing or witnessing a trauma. Symptoms includes negative, intrusive, avoidance, and arousal symptoms.
___: flashbacks, nightmares, and revolve around reliving the event
___: avoiding the location, people, and etc associated with the trauma
___: negative outlook, amnesia, and emotions
___: increased startle response, irritability, and anxiety
Intrusive
Avoidance
Negative
Arousal
___ result when an individual avoids stress by parting from their identity while still being intact with reality. Specific types include:
___: inability to remember with no other causes and may result in ___ in extreme cases, where the individual wanders off from their home or locations of general activity
___: multiple identities fail to integrate into one person
___: feeling detached from their mind and body
___: feeling detached from surroundings
Dissociative disorders
Dissociative amnesia; dissociative fugue
Depersonalization disorder
Rerealization disorder
___ include bodily symptoms or the significant stress or impairment of developing some. Examples include:
___: one somatic symptom and a disproportional concern about it–hypochondriac
___: consuming thoughts about developing or having a medical condition with no symptoms–hypochondriac
___: an unexplained loss of sensory or motor ability as a result of a traumatic event, usually with an indifference about it called ___.
Somatic symptom and related disorders
Somatic symptom disorder
Illness anxiety disorder
Conversion disorder; la belle indifference
___ are disorders that cause for repetitive, maladaptive behaviour that disturbs at least two of the following: interpersonal relationships, cognition, emotions, or impulsive control. They are described as ___: viewed as helpful by the individual or ___: viewed as instructive and bothersome by the individual. They are organized into three sub categories: A, B, and C.
Personality disorders
Ego-syntonic
Ego-dystonic
Cluster _ of personality disorders includes odd, eccentric or weird behaviour. It includes the following:
___: distrust and suspicious of others
___: ideas of reference, magical thinking, and eccentric behaviour
___: detachment from social relationships and limited emotion
A
Paranoid PD
Schizotypal PD
Schizoid PD
Cluster _ of personality disorders includes dramatic, emotional, erratic, or wild behaviour. It includes the following:
___: disregard for others’ rights
___: instability in relationships, mood, and self-image; coping technique includes ___, where one identifies people as either good or bad
___: constant need for attention
___: grandiose sense of self but fragile self-esteem
B Antisocial PD Borderline PD; splitting Histronic PD Narcisstic PD
Cluster _ of personality disorders includes anxious, fearful, or worried behaviour. It includes:
___: extremely shy and socially inept despite deep longing for social acceptance and affection
___: ego-syntonic, likes rules and order
___: relies heavily on others for reassurance
C
Avoidant PD
Obession-compulsive PD
Dependent PD
Schizophrenia has certain biological risk factors including: genetics, hypoxemia during birth, and excessive marijuana use in adolescence. It is also associated with high levels of ___ in the brain. As a result it usually treated with ___ or ___, which block receptors of the hormone. Treatment can cause Parkinson like symptoms
Dopamine
Antipsychotics or neurleptics
Depression has certain biological factors including high levels of ___ hormone and low levels of ___, atrophy of the ___, and high glucose metabolism in the ___–both regions of the brain involved in emotions.
Cortisol
Dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine
Hippocampus
Amygdala
Bipolar disorder has certain biological risk genetics and multiple sclerosis and is usually found with high levels of ___.
Norepinephrine and serotonin
