Chapter 7 - Psychological Disorders

Question 1

___ ___ are changes in behaviours, thoughts, and feelings which result in distress and functional impairment. Common ones include depression, anxiety, and substance abuse.

Answer 1

Psychological disorders

Biomedical approach

Question 2

The ___ approach to classifying psychological disorders believes in biomedical cause and therefore a biomedical treatment. Whereas the ___ approach relies on accounting for the biological, social, and psychological factors both in diagnosis and in treatment. As a result, these treatments include both ___ (directed at the patient) and ___ (directed at increasing social support).

Answer 2

Biomedical
Biopsychosocial
Direct
Indirect

Question 3

To diagnose patients with psychological disorders, the ___ is used, which lists a variety of symptoms for each condition.

Answer 3

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5)

Question 4

___ is an epitome of psychotic disorder that includes both positive and negative symptoms. ___ symptoms add to the behaviour, thoughts, or feelings while ___ symptoms take away. For diagnostic purposes, a person must present with symptoms for at least six months where one month includes positive symptoms. Before the onset of active symptoms, schizophrenia has a ___ phase where one begins to display odd behaviour or withdrawal.

Answer 4

Schizophrenia
Positive: delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thoughts and behaviours.
Negative: avolition, and disturbance of affect
Predormal phase

Question 5

___ are a ___ type of symptom in schizophrenia where the patient falsely believes in something in disagreement to their reality and surroundings. Examples include: ___, where the patient believes they are remarkable; ___, where the patient believes everything is directed at them; ___, where the patient believes they are the target or a victim; ___, where the patient believes all their thoughts are being displayed the outside world, and ___, where the patient believes thoughts are being placed into their mind.

Answer 5

Delusions 
Positive 
Delusions of grandeur
Delusions of reference 
Delusions of persecution 
Thought broadcasting 
Thought insertion

Question 6

___ are another ___ symptom of schizophrenia where the patient believes something is real but does not rely on any external stimuli from the outside world. Examples include auditory voices in or outside of the patients head.

Answer 6

Hallucinations

Positive

Question 7

___ ___ is an example of a ___ symptom of schizophrenia where the patient shows ___: mixed and jumbled thoughts that are incomprehensible. Sometimes these thoughts are just random words and referred to as ___ ___, a symptom also common in ___ aphasia. If new words are made up, this is called ___.

Answer 7

Disorganized thought 
Positive 
Loosening of association 
Word salad
Wernicke's (receptive)
Neologisms

Question 8

___ ___ is an example of a ___ symptom of schizophrenia, where the patient cannot perform day to day activities because of certain actions. Examples include:
___: rigid posture or useless and random movements
___: repeating others’ words
___: repeating others’ actions

Answer 8

Disorganized thought 
Positive 
Catatonia
Echolalia
Echopraxia

Question 9

___ symptoms of schizophrenia include avolition and disturbance of affect.
___ refers to the show of emotions and affections. If disturbed, it can lead to: ___, where no emotions are shown; ___, where very little emotion or affection is displayed; or ___, where the emotions or affection displayed is the exact opposite to the context.
___ refers to a reduction in goal-oriented behaviour

Answer 9

Negative 
Affect 
Emotional flattening/flat affect
Blunting 
Inappropriate affect
Avolition

Question 10

___ disorders include depressive and bipolar disorders. Depressive disorders have subcategories. A ___ is one where a ___ occurs, which lasts at least two weeks. It must include a symptom of either being in a depressed mood or a lack of interest in activities that usually bring the person joy–____, and four other symptoms from: ___.
A ___ is where one has ___: persistent depressive moods which do not qualify to be a major depressive order for at least two years.
A ___ is where one suffers from a ___ during winter months and is treated with ___.

Answer 10

Mood
Major depressive disorder
Major depressive episode
Anhedonia
Changes in sleep, excessive guild, lack of energy, difficulty in comprehension, appetite changes and therefore weight changes, psychomotor symptoms (feeling slowed down), and suicidal thoughts
Persistent depressive disorder, Dysthymia
Seasonal affective disorder (SAD), major depressive disorder, bright light therapy

Question 11

___ is another type of mood disorder where the patients experience mania and possibly depression. Mania includes several symptoms including being persistently happy for at least 1 week and three of the following: ___. The condition may have a biological nature routed in hormone levels: low levels of ___ are associated with depression while excess levels are associated with mania under the ___.

Answer 11

Bipolar disorder
Easily distracted, insomnia, grandeur delusions, flight of thoughts, easily agitated, speech is pressured, and thoughtless behaviour

norepinephrine and serotonin
monoamine or catecholamine theory of depression

Question 12

There are several subcategories of bipolar disorder.
___ includes mania with or without major depressive episodes.
___ includes ___: a condition where a person is optimistic and energetic but not to impairment stages and at least one major depressive episode
___ includes dysthymia and hypomania

Answer 12

Bipolar I disorder
Bipolar II disorder
cyclothymic disorder

Question 13

Anxiety disorders is a class in DSM-5 include:
___: individual persistently and disproportionately worries about everything for at least six months and usually a physical symptoms
___: irrational fear caused by a specific object or situation
___: persistent fear about social interactions or performances
___: fear of being in places or situations where there is no visible exit or escape
___: condition with repeated ___: conditions of sympathetic overdrive including fear, trembling, sweating, and hyperventilation; and usually found with ___.

Answer 13

Generalized anxiety disorder 
Specific phobia
Social anxiety disorder 
Agoraphobia
Panic disorder; panic attacks; agoraphobia

Question 14

Under the obsessive-compulsive disorder class, there are the following disorders:
___ where an individual develops persistent and intrusive thoughts and impulses called ___ which create tension; then, as a result, develops ___ which allays the tension through repetitive tasks.
___ a condition where one has unrealistic negative views of their appearance or a specific body part

Answer 14

obsessive-compulsive disorder
obsessions
compulsions
body dysmorphic disorder

Question 15

Under stress and trauma class, the most common is post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), which is the result of experiencing or witnessing a trauma. Symptoms includes negative, intrusive, avoidance, and arousal symptoms.
___: flashbacks, nightmares, and revolve around reliving the event
___: avoiding the location, people, and etc associated with the trauma
___: negative outlook, amnesia, and emotions
___: increased startle response, irritability, and anxiety

Answer 15

Intrusive
Avoidance
Negative
Arousal

Question 16

___ result when an individual avoids stress by parting from their identity while still being intact with reality. Specific types include:
___: inability to remember with no other causes and may result in ___ in extreme cases, where the individual wanders off from their home or locations of general activity
___: multiple identities fail to integrate into one person
___: feeling detached from their mind and body
___: feeling detached from surroundings

Answer 16

Dissociative disorders
Dissociative amnesia; dissociative fugue
Depersonalization disorder
Rerealization disorder

Question 17

___ include bodily symptoms or the significant stress or impairment of developing some. Examples include:
___: one somatic symptom and a disproportional concern about it–hypochondriac
___: consuming thoughts about developing or having a medical condition with no symptoms–hypochondriac
___: an unexplained loss of sensory or motor ability as a result of a traumatic event, usually with an indifference about it called ___.

Answer 17

Somatic symptom and related disorders
Somatic symptom disorder
Illness anxiety disorder
Conversion disorder; la belle indifference

Question 18

___ are disorders that cause for repetitive, maladaptive behaviour that disturbs at least two of the following: interpersonal relationships, cognition, emotions, or impulsive control. They are described as ___: viewed as helpful by the individual or ___: viewed as instructive and bothersome by the individual. They are organized into three sub categories: A, B, and C.

Answer 18

Personality disorders
Ego-syntonic
Ego-dystonic

Question 19

Cluster _ of personality disorders includes odd, eccentric or weird behaviour. It includes the following:
___: distrust and suspicious of others
___: ideas of reference, magical thinking, and eccentric behaviour
___: detachment from social relationships and limited emotion

Answer 19

A
Paranoid PD
Schizotypal PD
Schizoid PD

Question 20

Cluster _ of personality disorders includes dramatic, emotional, erratic, or wild behaviour. It includes the following:
___: disregard for others’ rights
___: instability in relationships, mood, and self-image; coping technique includes ___, where one identifies people as either good or bad
___: constant need for attention
___: grandiose sense of self but fragile self-esteem

Answer 20

B
Antisocial PD
Borderline PD; splitting
Histronic PD
Narcisstic PD

Question 21

Cluster _ of personality disorders includes anxious, fearful, or worried behaviour. It includes:
___: extremely shy and socially inept despite deep longing for social acceptance and affection
___: ego-syntonic, likes rules and order
___: relies heavily on others for reassurance

Answer 21

C
Avoidant PD
Obession-compulsive PD
Dependent PD

Question 22

Schizophrenia has certain biological risk factors including: genetics, hypoxemia during birth, and excessive marijuana use in adolescence. It is also associated with high levels of ___ in the brain. As a result it usually treated with ___ or ___, which block receptors of the hormone. Treatment can cause Parkinson like symptoms

Answer 22

Dopamine

Antipsychotics or neurleptics

Question 23

Depression has certain biological factors including high levels of ___ hormone and low levels of ___, atrophy of the ___, and high glucose metabolism in the ___–both regions of the brain involved in emotions.

Answer 23

Cortisol
Dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine
Hippocampus
Amygdala

Question 24

Bipolar disorder has certain biological risk genetics and multiple sclerosis and is usually found with high levels of ___.

Answer 24

Norepinephrine and serotonin

Question 25

Alzheimer’s disease is a progressive memory loss disease which eventually leads to changes in behavior, and mood. Genetic risk factors include mutations in the ___ genes on chromosomes 1-14, ___ plaques on chromosome 21, and neurofibrillary tangles of ___.

Answer 25

presilin protein
beta-amyloid
hyperphosphorly tau protein

Question 26

Parkinson’s disease has the following symptoms:
___: slowed down movement
___: tremor when muscles aren’t being used
___: tremor that looks like rolling something in your hands
___: muscle tension and movement halts
___: walking with a shuffling motion
___: facial expression with static features, string eyes, and a slightly open mouth
stooped posture
It is commonly found to have low levels of ___ in the ___, which allows for proper functioning of the ___. The ___ is responsible for smooth movements, repetitive motor tasks, and starting and stopping movements.
The condition is treated with ___, a precursor to __.

Answer 26

bradykinesia
resting tremor
pill rolling tremor
cogwheel rigidity
masklike facies
dopamine
substantia nigra; basal ganglia
L-DOPA, dopamine