Chapter 8: Social Processes, Attitudes, and Behaviour Flashcards
Define social action. Who curated this term?
- Actions and behaviors that individuals are conscious of and performing because others are around
- Max Weber
What is social facilitation?
People tend to perform better on simple tasks when in the presence of others
What does the Yerkes-Dodson law of social facilitation state? How does it differ in terms of simple and complex tasks?
- Being in the presence of others will significantly raise arousal
- Enhances the ability to perform tasks one is already good at (simple tasks)
- Hinders the performance of less familiar tasks (complex tasks)
Define deindividuation.
The idea that people will lose a sense of self-awareness and can act dramatically differently based on the influence of a group
What causes antinormative behavior? What is it?
- Deindividuation
- Behavior against the norm
- With anonymity, an individual is more likely to act in a manner that is inconsistent with normal sense (further enhanced when group is masked)
What is the bystander effect?
Occurs in social groups wherein individuals do not intervene to help victims when others are present
What are the explanations for the bystander effect? (2)
- People are less likely to notice abnormality when in groups
- Humans take cues from one another and will follow the group
Define social loafing.
Refers to the tendency of individuals to put in less effort when in a group setting than individually (physical effort, mental effort, initiative)
Define peer pressure.
Refers to the social influence placed on an individual by a group of people or another individual.
From a sociology perspective, what are peers?
Individuals with equal roles within a social group
What explains the mechanism behind peer pressure?
The identity shift effect
What is the identity shift effect?
When an individual’s state of harmony is disrupted by a threat of social rejection, the individual will conform to the norms of the group and will shift their identity to adopt the standards of the group as their own
Individuals who succumb to peer pressure will experience internal conflict because the behavior is outside the normal character of the individual. How do they eliminate the sense of internal conflict?
Experience an identity shift wherein the individual adopts the standards of the group as their own
Define cognitive dissonance and provide an example.
- The simultaneous presence of two opposing thoughts or opinions
- Identity shift effect
In Solomon Asch’s experiment, he proved that the urge toward conformity can outweigh the desire to provide the correct answer. What fraction of participants answered INCORRECTLY when the actors answered incorrectly as well (imitating the actors)?
1/3
Define social interaction.
The ways in which two or more individuals can both shape each other’s behavior
Define group polarization.
Describes the tendency for groups to make decisions that are more extreme than the individual ideas and inclinations of the members within the group (can lead to risky decisions)
What is the hypothesis underlying group polarization?
Initial ideas tend not to be extreme, but that through discussion within the group, these ideas tend to become more and more extreme
Differentiate group polarization and choice shift.
Same idea
Polarization: behavior at the INDIVIDUAL level
Choice shift: behavior change in the GROUP as a whole
What does group polarization explain in real-life?
Policy-making, violence, terrorism, jury deliberation, social media
Define groupthink.
Refers to the social phenomenon in which desire for harmony or conformity results in a group of people coming to an incorrect or poor decision
How does the groupthink phenomenon arise?
- Desire to eliminate conflict
- Consensus decisions are reached without alternate ideas
- Loss of independent critical thinking
- Isolate and ignore external viewpoints
The Bay of Pigs invasion is an example of what concept?
Groupthink
What is the illusion of invulnerability?
- Indicates groupthink
- Creation of optimism and encouragement of risk-taking
What is the collective rationalization?
- Indicates groupthink
- Ignoring warnings against the idea of the group
What is the illusion of morality?
- Indicates groupthink
- The belief that the group’s decisions are morally correct
What is excessive stereotyping?
- Indicates groupthink
- The construction of stereotypes against outside opinions
What is pressure for conformity?
- Indicates groupthink
- The pressure put on anyone in the group who expresses opinions against the group, viewing the opposition as disloyal
What is self-censorship?
- Indicates groupthink
- The withholding of opposing views
What is the illusion of unanimity?
- Indicates groupthink
- The false sense of agreement within the group
What are mindguards?
- Indicates groupthink
- The appointment of members to the role of protecting against opposing views
Define culture.
The beliefs, behaviors, actions, and characteristics of a group or society of people