Chapter 1: Biology and Behaviour Flashcards
What is phrenology? Who developed it? Was it true or false?
- The basic idea that if a particular trait was well-developed, then the part of the brain responsible for that trait would expand.
- Franz Gall
- Shown to be false
What is ablation? What happens during ablation? It is used to study what? Was it tested on humans?
- Extirpation on rabbits and pigeons to study the functions of the major sections of the brain
- Various parts of the brain are surgically removed and the behavioural consequences are observed?
What were the major contributions of Franz Gall?
Phrenology; associated development of a trait with growth of its relevant part of the brain
What were the major contributions of Pierre Flourens?
Extirpation/ablation; concluded that different brain regions have specific functions
What were the major contributions of William James?
Pushed for importance of studying adaptations of the individual to his or her environment
What were the major contributions of John Dewey?
Credited with the landmark article on functionalism; argued for studying the entire organism as a whole as it functioned to adapt to the environment
What were the major contributions of Paul Broca?
Correlated pathology with specific brain regions, such as speech production from Broca’s area
What were the major contributions of Hermann von Helmoltz?
Measured speed of a nerve impulse
What were the major contributions of Sir Charles Sherrington?
Inferred the existence of synapses
Who is the father of American psychology?
William James
What is functionalism? Who helped form this system of thought? Who is another important name whose article is seen as the inception of functionalism?
- System of thought in psychology that studied how mental processes help individuals adapt to their environment
- William James
- John Dewey
Who is credited with the transition of psychology into a field of the natural sciences?
Hermann von Helmholtz
Sir Charles Sherrington inferred the existence of synapses. Did he think it was an electrical or chemical process? What is it really?
- He thought it was an electrical process
- We now know that it is primarily a chemical process
What are the three kinds of nerve cells in the nervous system?
- Sensory neurons
- Motor neurons
- Interneurons
Sensory neurons transmit information from where to where? What are they also known as?
- Afferent neurons
- Transmit sensory information from receptors to the spinal cord and brain
Motor neurons transmit information from where to where? What are they also known as?
- Efferent neurons
- Transmit motor information from the brain and spinal cord to muscles and glands
Where are interneurons found? What behaviour are they linked to?
- Found between other neurons
- Located predominantly in the brain and spinal cord
- Linked to reflexive behaviour
Which type of nerve cell is the most abundant?
Interneurons
What controls reflexive behaviour?
- Neural circuits called reflex arcs
What are the two components of the nervous system?
- Central nervous system (CNS)
- Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
What is the CNS composed of?
Brain and spinal cord
What is the PNS composed of?
Nerve tissue and fibers outside the brain and spinal cords
How many pairs of cranial nerves are there? How many pairs of spinal nerves?
- Cranial: 12 pairs
- Spinal: 31 pairs
What are the two components of the PNS?
- Somatic nervous system
- Autonomic nervous system
What does the somatic nervous system consist of? Is it voluntary or involuntary control?
- Sensory and motor neurons distributed throughout the skin, joints, and muscles
- Voluntary control of body movements through afferent and efferent nerves
_fferent neurons ________ in the cord towards the brain; _fferent neurons ______ the cord on the way to the rest of the body.
- Afferent, ascend
- Efferent, exit
What does the autonomic nervous system manage? Are these functions dependant of conscious control?
- Manages the involuntary muscles associated with many internal organs and glands
- INDEPENDANT of conscious control (automatic)
Name 4 examples of functions that the autonomic nervous system controls.
Heartbeat, respiration, digestion, and temperature control
What are the two components of the ANS? How are they in relation to one another?
- Sympathetic
- Parasympathetic
- Antagonistic; act in opposition of one another
What is the main role of the parasympathetic nervous system? Does it constrict or relax bronchi? Does it constrict or dilate pupils?
Conserve energy
- Constricts bronchi
- Constricts pupils
Which nervous system is associated with “fight-or-flight”? Which is associated with “rest-and-digest”?
Fight-or-flight: sympathetic
Rest-and-digest: parasympathetic
What is the neurotransmitter associated with parasympathetic responses in the body?
Acetylcholine
What is the sympathetic nervous system activated by?
Stress
What is increased in the bloodstream with the sympathetic nervous system? Where is blood redistributed?
- Increases blood glucose concentration
- Releases epinephrine in the bloodstream
- Redistributes blood to muscles of locomotion
What are the three meninges that help protect the brain, keep it anchored within the skull and resorb cerebrospinal fluid?
- Dura mater
- Arachnoid mater
- Pia mater
What is cerebrospinal fluid?
The aqueous solution in which the brain and spinal cord rest
The human brain can be divided into three basic subdivisions? What are they?
- Hindbrain
- Midbrain
- Forebrain
Which subdivisions of the brain were developed earlier? Why?
- Hindbrain and midbrain
- Brain structures associated with basic survival skills
What is the brain-stem composed of?
Hindbrain and midbrain
What developed following the brain-stem? (2)
Forebrain and limbic system
What is related to the limbic system?
Emotion and memory
What is the most recent evolutionary development of the human brain? What is its structure? What are its functions?
- Cerebral cortex
- The outer covering of the cerebral hemispheres
- Language processing to problem-solving, and impulse control to long-term planning
The inferior and superior colliculi are structures of which division? What are its functions?
- Midbrain
- Sensorimotor reflexes
The cerebellum, medulla oblongata, and reticular formation are structures of which division?
Hindbrain
The cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, limbic system, thalamus, and hypothalamus are structures of which division?
Forebrain
Which structure is responsible for arousal and alertness?
Reticular formation
Which structure is responsible for refined motor movements (posture, balance, coordinates body movements)?
Cerebellum
Which structure is responsible for vital functioning (breathing, digestion)?
Medulla oblongata
Which structure is responsible for emotion and memory?
Limbic system
Which structure is responsible for the sensory relay station?
Thalamus
Which structure is responsible for hunger and thirst; as well as emotion?
Hypothalamus
Which structure is responsible for movement?
Basal ganglia
Which structure is responsible for complex perceptual, cognitive, and behavioural processes?
Cerebral cortex
In the embryonic brain, which major divisions divide into two other swellings? How many total swellings are there?
- Forebrain and hindbrain divide in two swellings
- 5 swellings total
Where is the hindbrain located? What is its major role?
- Where the brain meets the spinal cord
- Manages vital functioning necessary for survival
What is the hindbrain also called? During embryonic development, it divides into two swellings. What are they called?
- Rhombencephalon
- Metencephalon
- Myelencephalon
What do the myelencephalon and metencephalon become?
Myelencephalon: medulla oblongata
Metencephalon: pons and cerebellum
Where do the pons lies?
Lies above the medulla and contains sensory and motor pathways between the cortex and medulla
Where is the cerebellum located?
At the top of the hindbrain, mushrooming out of the back of the pons