Chapter 10: Social Thinking Flashcards
What is interpersonal attraction influenced by?
Physical characteristics, similarity, self-disclosure, reciprocity, and proximity
What is the Golden Ratio?
1.6:1
Humans are attracted to individuals with these proportions
Define self-disclosure.
Sharing one’s fears, thoughts, and goals with another person and being met with non-judgmental empathy, which deepens attraction and friendship
Why must self-disclosure be a reciprocal behavior?
Revealing one’s innermost secrets creates a sense of vulnerability that, if not met by the other person, can be interpreted as being taken advantage of
What is reciprocal liking?
The phenomenon whereby people like others better when they believe the other person likes them
What does the mere exposure/familiarity effect state?
People prefer stimuli that they have been exposed to more frequently
Define aggression.
Behavior that intends to cause harm or increase social dominance; can be physical or verbal or nonverbal
What is the purpose of aggression from an evolutionary perspective?
Evolutionarily, aggression offers protection against perceived and real threats, fight off predators, gain access to resources
What part of the brain increases aggression in response to a threat?
Amygdala; tells us whether something is a threat
If it is activated, it increases aggression
Which higher-order brain structures can place brakes on a revved-up aggressive amygdala? What will damage to this area cause?
- Prefrontal cortex
- Damage to the prefrontal cortex is linked to increased aggressive behavior
Aggressive is also under hormonal control. Which hormone has been shown to increase aggressive behaviors?
Testosterone
What does the cognitive neoassociation model state?
We are more likely to respond to others aggressively whenever we are feeling negative emotions (tired, sick, frustrated, in pain, hungry)
Provide examples of the cognitive neoassociation model on a larger scale.
- Riots are more likely to happen on hot days
- Drivers without air conditioning are more likely to honk at other drivers
In terms of attachment, define a secure base.
A caregiver who is consistent, available, comforting, and responsive
Define attachment.
An emotional bond between a caregiver and a child
What are the 4 main types of attachment styles?
- Secure
- Avoidant
- Ambivalent
- Disorganized
What does secure attachment require? What does this provide the child?
- Requires a consistent caregiver
- The child is able to go out and explore knowing he or she has a secure base to return to
When does avoidant attachment occur? How does the child feel about their caregiver in comparison to strangers?
- When a caregiver has little or no response to a distressed, crying child
- The child shows no preference for the caregiver compared to strangers
When does ambivalent attachment occur? What happens when the caregiver leaves and returns?
- When a caregiver has an inconsistent response to a child’s distress, sometimes appropriate, other times neglectful
- Distressed when the caregiver leaves
- Ambivalent when the caregiver returns
When does disorganized attachment occur? There is a mix of behaviors in response to the caregivers absence or presence, what are they?
- When a caregiver is erratic or abusive
- Avoidance, resistance, seeming dazed, frozen, confused, repetitive behaviors (rocking)
Children with avoidant, ambivalent, or disorganized attachment can result in what?
Deficits in social skills
Which attachment is also known as anxious-ambivalent attachment?
Ambivalent; child is always anxious about the reliability of the caregiver
Define social support.
The perception or reality that one is cared for by a social network
What is emotional support? Give examples.
Listening, affirming, and empathizing with someone’s feelings
ex: Condolence card, visit to the hospital to see a sick relative