Chapter 12: Social Stratification Flashcards
Define a social class.
A category of people who share a similar socioeconomic position in society (economics, job positions, lifestyles, attitudes, behaviors)
What does social stratification focus on?
Social inequalities and studies the basic questions of who gets what and why
What are the two factors that determine socioeconomic status (SES)?
Achieved status and ascribed status
Differentiate achieved and ascribed statuses.
Achieved: clearly identifiable characteristics (age, gender, skin colour)
Ascribed: direct, individual efforts, merit, hard work
Do caste and estate systems stratify by ascribed or achieved SES? What about class systems?
Caste and estate: ascribed
Class: achieved
What are the three major types of statuses?
- Ascribed
- Achieved
- Master: one that pervades all aspects of an individual’s life
Successful business and professional people fit into what class?
Upper-middle
What makes up a middle-middle class?
Those who have been unable to achieve the upper-middle lifestyle because of educational and economic shortcomings
Skilled and semi-skilled workers with few luxuries fit into what class?
Lower-middle
Define power. What is it based on?
- The ability to affect others’ behavior through real or perceived rewards and punishments
- Based on the unequal distribution of valued resources
How does power create worldwide social inequalities?
People tend to fall somewhere between the haves and have-nots
What is social inequality accelerated by?
Anomie
Define anomie.
Refers to a lack of social norms, or the break-down of social bonds between an individual and society
What have anomic conditions accelerated? What does that obstruct?
- Accelerated the decline of social inclusion
- Further obstructed opportunities to acquire social capital
Give examples of anomic conditions that erode social solidarity.
Excessive individualism, social inequality, isolation
What does the strain theory focus on?
How anomic conditions can lead to deviance
What are the two primary sources of social trust?
1) Social norms of reciprocity (I’ll scratch your back if you scratch mine)
2) Social networks
Define social capital.
The investments people make in their society in return for economic or collective reward; the greater the investment, the higher the level of social integration and inclusion
What is one of the main forms of social capital?
Social network
What are the two types of social inequalities that social networks can create?
- Situational (socioeconomic advantage)
- Positional (based on how connected one is within a network, and one’s centrality within that network)
Low social capital leads to lower or greater social inequality?
Greater
Differentiate the strong and weak ties that join communities together.
Strong ties: peer group and kinship contacts, which are quantitively small but qualitatively powerful
Weak ties: social connections that are personally superficial (associates) but are large in number and provide connections to a wide range of other individuals
Will people without multiple weak ties find it difficult to contribute and access social capita?
Yes
What is included in the five ethnicities model?
White, black, Asian, Latino and Native American
How does social mobility differentiate between caste-based or estate-based systems and class systems?
Class systems have social mobility: the ability to move up or down from one class to another
What is social mobility typically the result of?
An economic and occupational structure that allows one to acquire higher-level employment opportunities given proper credentials and experience requirements (American Dream)