Chapter 6: Identity and Personality Flashcards
Define self-concept.
Describes the sum of all the phrases that come to mind when we think of who we are, who we used to be, and who we may become in the future
Define identity.
Describes a set of behaviors and labels we take on when in a specific group
What is a self-schema?
Self-given label that carries with it a set of qualities
Can we have multiple self-concepts or identities?
- Only one self-concept
- Multiple identities that define who we are and how we should behave within any given context
Define gender identity.
Describes a person’s appraisal of him or herself on scales of masculinity and femininity
What is androgyny?
The state of being simultaneously very masculine and very feminine
What is being undifferentiated?
Those who achieve low scores on both masculine and feminine scales
Define ethnic identity.
Refers to one’s ethnic group, in which members typically share a common ancestry, cultural heritage, and language
What three factors contribute to a person’s ethnic identity? How are these factors different from those that determine national identity?
- Common ancestry, cultural heritage and language
- National identity is determined by the political borders of where one lives, and the cultural identity of that nation
How are our hierarchies organized?
- Hierarchy of salience
- The situation dictates which identity holds the most importance for us at any given moment
What does the self-discrepancy theory state?
Each of us has three selves
What are the three selves of the self-discrepancy theory?
1) Actual self: the way we see ourselves as we currently are
2) Ideal self: the person we would like to be
3) Ought self: our representation of the way others think we should be
How does the self-discrepancy theory relate to self-esteem?
The closer our three selves are to one another, the higher our self-esteem or self-worth will be
Define self-efficacy.
- Our belief in our ability to succeed; which can vary by activity
- Self-efficacy can be depressed past the point of recovery
What can lead us to take on tasks we are not ready for, which leads to frustration and humiliation?
Overconfidence
Define learned helplessness. It is used as a model for what?
State of hopelessness and resignation resulting from being unable to avoid repeated negative stimuli; often used as a model for depression
Define locus of control.
Refers to the way we characterize the influences in our lives
Compare internal locus of control and external locus on control.
Internal: view themselves as controlling their own fate
External: feel that events in their lives are caused by luck or outside influences
According to Freud, when does the libido develop?
The libido is present at birth
According to Freud, what were the underlying dynamic forces that accounted for human psychological processes?
Libidinal energy and the drive to reduce libidinal tension
In each of Freud’s distinct stages of psychosexual development, what conflict are the children faced with?
A conflict between societal demands and the desire to reduce the libidinal tension associated with different erogenous zones of the body
How do the stages of Freud’s psychosexual development differ?
Differs in the manner in which libidinal energy is manifested and the way in which libidinal drive is met
When does fixation occur?
When a child is overindulged or overly frustrated during a stage of development
What does a child do in response to the anxiety caused by fixation? What is this called?
- Child forms a personality pattern based on that particular stage, which persists into adulthood as a functional mental disorder known as neurosis
What are the five stages of Freud’s psychosexual development?
1) Oral
2) Anal
3) Phallic
4) Latency
5) Genital
How long does the oral stage last? How is gratification obtained? Where is libidinal energy centered?
- 0 to 1 year
- Gratification: putting objects into mouth, biting and sucking
- Libidinal energy: mouth
What would an orally fixated adult exhibit?
Excessive dependency
How long does the anal stage last? How is gratification obtained? Where is libidinal energy centered?
- 1 to 3 years
- Gratification: elimination and retention of waste materials
- Libidinal energy: anus
What would a fixation during the anal stage lead to?
Either excessive orderliness (anal-retentive) or sloppiness in the adult
How long does the phallic (or Oedipal) stage last? What does it center on?
- 3 to 5 years
- Resolution of the Oedipal conflict (male children) or the Electra conflict (female)
What does the Oedipal conflict state?
- Male child envies father
- Fears castration at his father’s hands
- Wishes to eliminate father and possess his mother
- Child feels guilty about his wishes
How does a male child deal with his guilty feelings during the phallic stage? (4)
1) Establishing his sexual identity
2) Identifying with his father
3) Internalizing moral values
4) Sublimates his libidinal energy
How do female children act in the Electra conflict?
- Girls are expected to exhibit less stereotypically female behavior and be less morally developed
- Penis envy
When does a child enter the latency stage? How?
During the phallic stage, once the libido is sublimated
What is the latency stage characterized by? How long does it last?
- Libido is largely sublimated during this stage
- Lasts until puberty is reached
How long does the genital stage last? If prior development has proceeded correctly, what should happen?
- Beginning in puberty and lasting through adulthood
- Person should enter healthy heterosexual relationships
What happens during the genital stage if sexual traumas of childhood have not been resolved?
Homosexuality, asexuality, fetishism
What are Erik Erikson’s stages of personality development based on?
Series of crises that derive from conflicts between needs and social demands
According to Erikson, how is a stage successfully resolved? Why is this necessary for the formation of identity?
Marked by answering an essential existential question, to imbue an individual with skills and traits
According to Erikson, the question “Can I trust the world?” corresponds to which stage (crisis)? At what age does this occur?
- Trust vs. mistrust
- 0 to 1 year
According to Erikson, the question “Is it okay to be me?” corresponds to which stage (crisis)? At what age does this occur?
- Autonomy vs. shame and doubt
- 1 to 3 years
According to Erikson, the question “Is it okay for me to do, move, and act?” corresponds to which stage (crisis)? At what age does this occur?
- Initiative vs. guilt
- 3 to 6 years
According to Erikson, the question “Can I make it in the world of people and things?” corresponds to which stage (crisis)? At what age does this occur?
- Industry vs. inferiority
- 6 to 12 years
According to Erikson, the question “Who am I? What can I be?” corresponds to which stage (crisis)? At what age does this occur?
- Identity vs. role confusion
- 12 to 20 years
According to Erikson, the question “Can I love?” corresponds to which stage (crisis)? At what age does this occur?
- Intimacy vs. isolation
- 20 to 40 years
According to Erikson, the question “Can I make my life count?” corresponds to which stage (crisis)? At what age does this occur?
- Generativity vs. stagnation
- 40 to 65 years
According to Erikson, the question “Is it okay to have been me?” corresponds to which stage (crisis)? At what age does this occur?
- Integrity vs. despair
- 65 years to death
What does Lawrence Kohlberg’s theory of personality focus on?
Development of moral thinking; perceiving the notion of right and wrong
What are the three phases of Lawrence Kohlberg’s theory of personality? When do they occur?
1) Preconventional morality (preadolescence)
2) Conventional morality (adolescence to adulthood)
3) Postconventional morality (adulthood - if at all)
What are the two stages of preconventional morality?
1) Obedience: avoiding punishment
2) Self-interest: gaining rewards
What does the instrumental relativist stage relate to? What concepts is it based on?
- The second stage (self-interest) of the first phase (preconventional morality) of Lawrence Kohlberg’s theory
- Reciprocity and sharing
What are the two stages of conventional morality?
3) Conformity: seeking the approval of others
4) Law and order: maintains the social order in the HIGHEST regard (If everyone stole things they couldn’t afford)
What are the two stages of postconventional morality?
5) Social contract: moral rules are contracts; designed to ensure the greater good
6) Universal human ethics: decisions should be made in consideration of abstract principles
According to Lev Vygotsky, what was the engine driving cognitive development?
The child’s internalization of various aspects of the culture: rules, symbols, language
Who invented the concept of the zone of proximal development? What is it?
- Vygotsky
- Referring to those skills and abilities that have not yet fully developed but are in the process of development
Based on the zone of proximal development, how are skills developed?
Requires the help of a more knowledgeable other, typically an adult
Define the theory of mind.
The ability to sense how another’s mind works
What would Freud say if an individual had failed in completing one of his developmental stages?
The individual has become fixated in that stage, and will display the personality traits of that fixation for the rest of his life