Chapter 3: Learning and Memory Flashcards
Define habituation.
Repeated exposure to the same stimulus can cause a decrease in response
Define dishabituation.
- The recovery of a response to a stimulus after habituation has occurred
- The second stimulus interrupts the habituation process and thereby causes an increase in response to the original stimulus
Dishabituation refers to change in response to which stimulus (original or new)?
Original stimulus
Define associative learning.
The creation of a pairing, or association, either between two stimuli or between a behaviour and a response.
What are the two types of associative learning?
- Classical conditioning
- Operant conditioning
What is classical conditioning?
- Type of associative learning
- Takes advantage of biological, instinctual responses to create associations between two unrelated stimuli
What experiment is an example of classical conditioning?
- Pavlov’s experiment
- Food = Saliva + Bell = No response –> Bell = Saliva
In classical conditioning, an instinctive, unconditioned response is paired with a neutral stimulus. What happens with repetition?
The neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus that produces a conditioned response
What do unconditioned stimuli cause? What do conditioned stimuli cause?
Unconditioned stimuli = ONLY unconditioned response
Conditioned stimuli = ONLY conditioned response
How does extinction occur in classical conditioning?
If the conditioned stimulus is presented without the unconditioned stimulus enough times, the organisms can become habituated to the conditioned stimulus and extinction occurs.
How does spontaneous recovery occur?
If an extinct conditioned stimulus is presented again, a weak conditioned response can sometimes be exhibited
Define generalization.
Broadening effect by which a stimulus similar enough to the conditioned stimulus can also produce the conditioned reponse
Define discrimination.
- Organism learns to distinguish between two similar stimuli
- Opposite of generalization
What is operant conditioning?
- Type of associative learning
- Links voluntary behaviours with consequences in an effort to alter the frequency of those behaviours
Who is the father of behaviorism? What does his theory state?
- B. F. Skinner
- Theory that all behaviors are conditioned
Define reinforcement.
The process of increasing the likelihood that an individual will perform a behaviour.
Compare positive and negative reinforcers.
Positive reinforcers: increase a behaviour by adding a positive consequence or incentive
Negative reinforcers: increase the frequency of a behaviour by REMOVING something unpleasant.
Negative reinforcers can be subdivided into two categories. What are they?
Escape learning and avoidance learning
What is escape learning? Give an example.
- The role of the behavior is to reduce the unpleasantness of something that already exists
- Taking an aspirin when you have a headache
What is avoidance learning? Give an example.
- Meant to prevent the unpleasantness of something that has yet to happen
- Studying before a test
Define punishment.
Uses conditioning to reduce the occurrence of a behaviour.
Compare positive and negative punishments.
Positive punishment: adds an unpleasant consequence in response to a behavior to reduce that behavior
Negative punishment: reduction of a behavior when a stimulus is removed
Provide examples for positive and negative reinforcements and punishments.
Positive reinforcement: money for work
Negative reinforcement: aspirin for headache
Positive punishment: thief arrested for stealing, stops him from stealing again
Negative punishment: parents forbidden their child from watching TV as a consequence for bad behaviour
What are the two different factors of reinforcement schedules?
- Whether the schedule is fixed or variable
- Whether the schedule is based on a ratio or interval
What are fixed-ratio schedules? Give an example.
- Reinforce a behavior after a specific number of performances of that behavior
- Rewarding a rat every 3rd time it presses a bar to its cage
What is continuous reinforcement? What type of reinforcement schedule does it follow?
- Fixed-ratio schedule
- Behavior is rewarded every time it is performed
What are variable-ratio schedules? Give an example.
- Reinforce a behavior after a varying number of performances of the behavior, but such that the average number of performances to receive a reward is relatively constant
- Rewarding a rat every 2 button presses, then 8, then 4, then 6
What are fixed-interval schedules? Give an example.
- Reinforce the first instance of a behaviour after a specified time period has elapsed
- Rewarding a rat every 60 seconds for pressing a button. Pressing in between the time-frame accomplishes nothing.
What are variable-interval schedules? Give an example.
- Reinforce a behaviour the first time that behavior is performed after a varying interval of time
- Rewarding a rat 90 seconds, then 30 seconds, then 3 minutes. Once the interval elapses, the next press gets the rat a reward.
Which reinforcement type works the fastest and is the most resistant to extinction?
Variable-Ratio (VR)
Very Rapid and Very Resistant to extinction
Define shaping.
The process of rewarding increasingly specific behaviors. It can allow for the training of extremely complicated behaviors.
What is latent learning?
Learning that occurs without a reward but that is spontaneously demonstrated once a reward is introduced