Chapter 5: Motivation, Emotion, and Stress Flashcards
Differentiate extrinsic and intrinsic motivation.
Extrinsic: external forces, coming from outside oneself, create motivation (rewards, avoiding punishment)
Intrinsic: motivation that comes from within oneself (driven by interest, enjoyment)
Define instincts.
Innate, fixed patterns of behavior in response to stimuli. It may be consistent throughout life, or it may appear and disappear with time
What does the instinct theory state?
People are driven to do certain behaviors based on evolutionarily programmed instincts
What did William James describe in line with the instinct theory?
Humans are driven by:
- Physical instincts (suckling, locomotion)
- Mental instincts (curiosity, fearfulness)
Many instincts are in conflict with one another, and can be overridden by experience
Who was the greatest contributor to the instinct theory? How many distinctive instincts did he think humans had?
- William McDougall
- 18 instincts
Define arousal.
The psychological and physiological state of being awake and reactive to stimuli
What does arousal involve physiologically?
Brainstem, automatic nervous system, endocrine system
What does the arousal theory state?
People perform actions in order to maintain an optimal level of arousal (arousal “homeostasis”)
What does the Yerkes-Dodson law state?
Performance is worst at extremely low and high levels of arousal, and optimal in the middle
Which arousal levels are optimal for highly cognitive tasks? Which arousal levels are optimal for activities that require physical endurance and stamina?
Cognitive: lower levels of arousal
Physical: higher levels of arousal
Define drives. How do they originate?
- Internal states of tension that activate particular behaviors focused on goals
- Originate within an individual without requiring external factors to motivate the behavior
What are primary drives? Give examples.
- Drives that motivate us to sustain bodily processes in homeostasis
- Food, water, warmth
How is homeostasis controlled?
Negative feedback loops
What are secondary drives? Give examples.
- Drives that stem from learning that motivate us to fulfill nonbiological (usually emotional) desires
- Nurturing, love, achievement, aggression
What does the drive reduction theory state?
Motivation is based on the goal of eliminating uncomfortable states
Maslow’s pyramid is an example of what kind of motivation theory?
Maslow’s Hierarchy of NEEDS
If the lowest level is not met, there will be no motivation to accomplish the next level
Name the 4 primary factors that influence motivation.
- Instincts
- Arousal
- Drives
- Needs
What does the self-determination theory state? What kind of motivation theory is it?
- Need-based theory
- Emphasizes the role of three universal needs to develop healthy relationships: autonomy, competence, and relatedness
What does incentive theory state?
Behavior is motivated not by need or arousal, but by the desire to pursue rewards and to avoid punishment
What does the expectancy-value theory state?
The amount of motivation needed to reach a goal is the result of both the individual’s expectation of success in reaching the goal and the degree to which she values succeeding at the goal
What does the opponent-process theory state? What does it explain?
- Explains continuous drug use AND tolerance
- When a drug is taken repeatedly, the body will attempt to counteract the effects of the drug by changing its physiology
- Can create withdrawal effects that will increase dependence
Which hormones contribute to sexual motivation?
Estrogens, progesterone and androgens
What contributes to sexual motivation?
- Hormones
- Smell
- Pleasure and interpretation of pleasure
- Cognition
- Culture and society
List Maslow’s hierarchy of needs in decreasing priority.
- Physiological needs
- Safety and security
- Love and belonging
- Self-esteem
- Self-actualization
According to the opponent-process theory, what clinical features would be expected with withdrawal from cocaine use?
Cocaine: euphoria, restlessness, increased heart rate and temperature, anxiety
Withdrawal: depressed mood, fatigue, decreased heart rate and temperature, apathy
Define emotion.
A natural instinctive state of mind derived from one’s circumstances, mood, or relationships with others
Name the three elements of emotion.
- Physiological response
- Behavioral response
- Cognitive response
What is arousal stimulated by?
The sympathetic nervous system
What is the physiological response to emotion?
Changes in heart rate, breathing rate, skin temperature, and blood pressure
What is the behavioral response to emotion?
Facial expressions and body language
What is the cognitive response to emotion? What is it caused by?
The subjective interpretation of the feeling being experienced; largely based on memories of past experiences and perception of the cause of the emotion
Who argued that emotions are universal? Why?
- Darwin
- He stated that they are a result of evolution