Chapter 7: Psychological Disorders Flashcards
What are the two main classification systems to define, diagnose and treat psychological disorders?
- Biomedical approach
- Biopsychosocial approach
What does the biomedical model consider? Why is it limited?
- Only the physical, pathological mechanisms that underlie mental illness.
- Limited since it fails to account many other other sources of disorder (lifestyle, socioeconomic status)
What does the biopsychosocial model consider?
The contributions of the biological factors ALONG with psychology (thoughts, emotions, or behaviors) and social situation (environment, social class, discrimination, or stigmatization)
What percentage of the population of the United States is affected by any mental disorder? Which disorders are the most common?
- 26.2%
- Specific phobia, social anxiety disorder, major depressive disorder
How many diagnostic classes are in the DSM-5?
20
For an individual to be diagnosed with schizophrenia, they can suffer from 5 conditions. What are they?
- Delusions
- Hallucinations
- Disorganized Thought & Disorganized Behavior
- Catatonia
- Negative Symptoms
How many symptoms does an individual need to present to be diagnosed with schizophrenia? How long do the symptoms need to last? What type of disorder is it?
- Psychotic disorder
- 2/5 symptoms, one of which being delusions, hallucinations or disorganized speech
- 2 to 6 months
What are positive symptoms? Give examples.
- Behaviors, thoughts, or feelings added to normal behavior
- Delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thought, disorganized or catatonic behavior
What are negative symptoms? Give examples.
- Involve the absence of normal or desired behavior
- Disturbance of affect and avolition (lack of motivation)
Define delusions.
False beliefs discordant with reality and not shared by others in the individual’s culture that are maintained in spite of strong evidence of the contrary
What type of delusion involve the belief that common elements in the environment are directed toward the individual?
Delusions of reference
What type of delusion involve the belief that the person is being deliberately interfered with, discriminated against, plotted against, or threatened?
Delusions of persecution
What type of delusion involve the belief that the person is remarkable in some significant way, such as being an inventor, historical figure, or religious icon? What disorder is it common in?
- Delusions of grandeur
- Bipolar I
What is thought broadcasting?
The belief that one’s thoughts are broadcast directly from one’s head to the external world
What is thought insertion?
The belief that thoughts are being placed in one’s head
Define hallucinations. What is the most common one?
- Perceptions that are not due to external stimuli but have a compelling sense of reality.
- Auditory
Define disorganized thought.
- Characterized by the loosening of associations
- Ideas shift from one subject to another
- No structure, no train of thought
- Sometimes called a word salad (also seen in Wernicke’s aphasia)
What is neologisms?
When a person with schizophrenia invents new words
Define disorganized behavior.
Refers to the inability to carry out activities of daily living (paying bills, maintaining hygiene)
Define catatonia.
Refers to certain motor behaviors characteristic of some people with schizophrenia
Patients who exhibit catatonic behavior can repeat another’s words or imitate another’s actions. What are these called?
Words: echolalia
Actions: echopraxia
What are the negative symptoms of schizophrenia?
- Disturbance of affect (expression of emotion)
- Avolition (loss of motivation)
What are the affective symptoms of schizophrenia?
- Blunting: severe reduction in the intensity of affect expression
- Flat affect: no signs of emotional expression
- Inappropriate affect: affect is clearly discordant with the content of the individual’s speech
Before a patient is diagnosed with schizophrenia, they will often go through a phase characterized by poor adjustment. What is this called? What is exhibited? What is this followed by?
- Prodromal phase
- Evidence of deterioration, social withdrawal, peculiar behavior
- Active phase of symptomatic behavior
What kind of disorder are major depressive disorders? It is characterized by how many major depressive episodes?
- Mood disorder
- At least one major depressive episode
How long does a major depressive episode need to last? How many symptoms need to be exhibited?
- At least two weeks
- 5 symptoms
Name the 8 most common symptoms of a major depressive disorder.
SIG E. CAPS Sadness Interest Guilt Energy Concentration Appetite Psychomotor symptoms Suicidal thoughts
Define anhedonia.
Loss of interest in all or almost all formerly enjoyable activities
A diagnosis of persistent depressive disorder is given to individuals who suffer from what? What is it? How long does it usually last?
- Dysthymia
- Depressed mood that isn’t severe enough to meet the criteria of a major depressive episode, most of the time for at least two years
How is Seasonal Affective Disorder classified in the DSM?
As major depressive disorder with a seasonal onset
What is related to SAD and how is it treated?
- Related to abnormal melatonin metabolism
- Treated with bright light therapy
What type of disorders are bipolar disorders? What are they characterized by? (2)
- Mood disorders
- Both depression and mania
What are manic episodes characterized by? How long do they last?
- Abnormal and persistently elevated mood
- Lasting at least one week
What are the 7 major symptoms of a manic episode.
DIG FAST Distractible Insomnia (decreased sleep) Grandiosity Flight of ideas (racing thoughts) Agitation Speech (pressured) Thoughtlessness (risky behavior)
Differentiate Bipolar I and Bipolar II disorders.
Bipolar I: manic episodes with or without major depressive episodes
Bipolar II: hypomania with at least one major depressive episode
What is hypomania?
In contrast to mania, does not significantly impair functioning, nor are there psychotic features, although the individual may be more energetic and optimistic
What is cyclothymic disorder?
Combination of hypomanic episodes and periods of dysthymia (persistent mild depression) that are not severe enough to qualify as major depressive episodes
What dos the monoamine (or catecholamine) theory of depression state?
- Too much norepinephrine and serotonin in the synapse leads to mania
- Too little norepinephrine and serotonin leads to depression
What is generalized anxiety disorder? How long does it last? What are the physical symptoms that often accompany it?
- Disproportionate and persistent worry about many different things for at least six months
- Physical symptoms: fatigue, muscle tension, sleep problems